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Izongezo kunye neenkqubo zoshicilelo oluphantsi lobushushu zinokudibanisa izixhobo zombane ezahlukeneyo ezidla amandla kunye nezitya amandla kwiisubstrates eziguquguqukayo ngexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kweenkqubo zombane ezipheleleyo kwezi zixhobo kudla ngokufuna izixhobo zombane zombane ukuze ziguqule phakathi kombane ohlukeneyo wokusebenza izixhobo.Amacandelo e-Passive-inductors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-resistors-yenza imisebenzi efana nokucoca, ukugcinwa kwamandla kwexesha elifutshane, kunye nokulinganisa umbane, eziyimfuneko kumandla ombane kunye nezinye izicelo ezininzi.Kule nqaku, sazisa i-inductors, i-capacitors, resistors kunye RLC iisekethe screen-eprintiweyo kwi substrates zeplastiki bhetyebhetye, kwaye ingxelo inkqubo yoyilo ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa uthotho inductors ukuze zikwazi ukusetyenziswa kumandla izixhobo zombane .I inductor eprintiweyo kunye resistor ke ifakwe kwi-boost regulator circuit.Manufacture ye-organic light-emitting diode kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-ion eziguquguqukayo. Izilawuli zombane zisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla iidiode ezisuka kwibhetri, ebonisa ukubanakho kwezinto eziprintwayo ze-passive ukuthatha indawo yezixhobo zesiqhelo zokubeka umphezulu kwizicelo zesiguquli se-DC-DC.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo eziguquguqukayo kwiimveliso ze-elektroniki ezinxitywayo kunye neendawo ezinkulu kunye ne-Intanethi yezinto1,2 ziye zaphuhliswa.Ezi ziquka izixhobo zokuvuna amandla, ezifana ne-photovoltaic 3, i-piezoelectric 4, kunye ne-thermoelectric 5; izixhobo zokugcina amandla, ezifana neebhetri 6, 7; kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisa amandla, ezifana 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, kunye nemithombo yokukhanya. Ukoyisa nakuphi na ukungahambelani phakathi kokuziphatha konikezelo lwamandla kunye neemfuno zomthwalo.Umzekelo, ibhetri ivelisa amandla ombane oguquguqukayo ngokwemeko yawo yokutshaja. .I-electronics yamandla isebenzisa amacandelo asebenzayo (i-transistors) ukwenza imisebenzi yokutshintsha kunye nokulawula, kunye namacandelo angenayo (i-inductors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-resistors) .Ngokomzekelo, kwi-circuit regulator circuit, i-inductor isetyenziselwa ukugcina amandla ngexesha lomjikelo ngamnye wokutshintsha. , i-capacitor isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-voltage ripple, kwaye umlinganiselo we-voltage ofunekayo ukulawula impendulo kwenziwa usebenzisa i-resistor divider.
Izixhobo zombane zombane ezilungele izixhobo ezinxitywayo (ezifana ne-pulse oximeter 9) zifuna ii-volts ezininzi kunye ne-milliamp ezininzi, zihlala zisebenza kuluhlu lwamaza okuphindaphinda amakhulu e-kHz ukuya kwii-MHz ezininzi, kwaye zifuna ii-μH ezininzi kunye ne-μH ezininzi inductance kunye ne-Capacitance μF 14 ngokulandelelana.Indlela yemveli yokuvelisa ezi sekethe kukuthengisa amacandelo adityanisiweyo kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo eqinileyo (PCB) .Nangona amacandelo asebenzayo ombane weesekethe ze-elektroniki adla ngokudityaniswa abe yi-silicon enye yesekethe ehlanganisiweyo (IC), amacandelo okwenziwa aqhelekile. yangaphandle, nokuba ivumela iisekethe eziqhelekileyo, okanye ngenxa yokuba i-inductance efunekayo kunye ne-capacitance inkulu kakhulu ukuba iphunyezwe kwi-silicon.
Xa kuthelekiswa neteknoloji yokuvelisa esekelwe kwi-PCB yemveli, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zombane kunye neesekethe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yoshicilelo olongezelelweyo kuneenzuzo ezininzi malunga nokulula kunye neendleko. Okokuqala, ekubeni amacandelo amaninzi esekethe afuna izinto ezifanayo, njengesinyithi kubafowunelwa. kunye nokudibanisa, ukuprinta kuvumela ukuba amacandelo amaninzi enziwe ngexesha elifanayo, kunye namanyathelo ambalwa okucubungula kunye nemithombo embalwa yezinto eziphathekayo15.Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezongezelelweyo zokutshintsha iinkqubo ezithatha indawo ezifana ne-photolithography kunye ne-etching kunciphisa ngakumbi inkqubo yobunzima kunye nenkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo16, i-17, I-18, kunye ne-19.Ukongezelela, amaqondo okushisa aphantsi asetyenziswa ekushicileleni ahambelana ne-flexible and substrates zeplastiki ezingabizi kakhulu, ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuvelisa i-high-speed roll-to-roll ukugubungela izixhobo zombane 16, 20 kwiindawo ezinkulu.Ukwenzela izicelo. ezingenakufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ngamacandelo ashicilelweyo, iindlela ezixubileyo ziye zaphuhliswa apho i-surface Mount technology (SMT) idityaniswe ne-flexible substrates 21, 22, 23 ecaleni kwamacandelo ashicilelweyo kumaqondo aphantsi. kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha amacandelo amaninzi e-SMT kangangoko kunokwenzeka kunye nabalingane abaprintiweyo ukufumana izibonelelo zeenkqubo ezongezelelweyo kunye nokwandisa ukuguquguquka ngokubanzi kwesekethe. Amacandelo, ngogxininiso olukhethekileyo ekutshintsheni ii-inductors ze-SMT ezinkulu kunye ne-planar spiral inductors.Phakathi kobuchwephesha obahlukeneyo bokuvelisa i-electronics eprintiweyo, ushicilelo lwesikrini lufaneleke ngokukodwa kumacandelo angenayo ngenxa yobukhulu balo befilimu (eyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa uchungechunge lweempawu zentsimbi. ) kunye nesantya esiphezulu soshicilelo, naxa ugubungela iindawo ezikwinqanaba lesentimitha Kuyafana ngamanye amaxesha.Izinto 24.
Ilahleko yamacandelo e-passive yezixhobo ze-elektroniki kufuneka zincitshiswe, kuba ukusebenza kakuhle kwesekethe kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubungakanani bamandla afunekayo ukunika amandla inkqubo.Oku kunzima kakhulu kwii-inductors eziprintiweyo ezenziwe ngeekhoyili ezinde, ezinokuthi zichaphazeleke kuthotho oluphezulu. Ngoko ke, nangona ezinye iinzame zenziwe ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa 25, 26, 27, 28 yeekhoyili eziprintiweyo, kusekho ukunqongophala komgangatho ophezulu oprintiweyo we-passive components kumandla ombane we-elektroniki. Izixhobo ezikwisubstrates eziguquguqukayo ziyilelwe ukuba zisebenze kwiisekethe zeresonant kwirediyo frequency identification (RFID) okanye iinjongo zokuvuna amandla 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.Ezinye zigqalisela kwimathiriyeli okanye uphuhliso lwenkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nokubonisa amacandelo egeneric 26, 32, 33, 34 ezingalungiselelwanga usetyenziso olukhethekileyo.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iisekethe zombane zombane ezifana nezilawuli zombane zihlala zisebenzisa amacandelo amakhulu kunezixhobo eziqhelekileyo eziprintiweyo zokwenziwa kwaye azifuni i-resonance, ngoko ke uyilo lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo luyafuneka.
Apha, sazisa uyilo kunye nokwenza ngcono ii-inductors eziprintiweyo kwiscreen kuluhlu lwe-μH ukuphumeza eyona nkcaso incinci yothotho kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kumaza anxulumene nombane wombane. kwii-substrates zeplastiki eziguquguqukayo.Ukufaneleka kwezi zixhobo kwiimveliso ze-elektroniki eziguquguqukayo zaqala ukuboniswa kwisekethe ye-RLC elula.I-inductor eprintiweyo kunye ne-resistor ihlanganiswe ne-IC ukuze yenze i-boost regulator.Ekugqibeleni, i-organic light-emitting diode (OLED) ) kunye nebhetri ye-lithium-ion eguquguqukayo iyenziwa, kwaye i-voltage regulator isetyenziselwa ukunika amandla i-OLED kwibhetri.
Ukuze siyilwe ii-inductors eziprintiweyo zombane wamandla, siqale saqikelela inductance kunye noxhathiso lwe-DC kuthotho lwee-inductor geometries ngokusekwe kwimodeli yangoku yamaphepha ecetywayo ku-Mohan et al. I-35, kunye ne-inductors eyenziwe ngeejometri ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwemodeli.Kulo msebenzi, imilo yesetyhula yakhethwa kwi-inductor ngenxa yokuba i-inductance ephezulu ye-36 inokufezekiswa ngokumelana okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa ne-polygonal geometry.Impembelelo ye-inki uhlobo kunye nenani lemijikelo yoshicilelo kuxhathiso lumisiwe.Ezi ziphumo zaye zasetyenziswa kunye nemodeli ye-ammeter ukuyila i-4.7 μH kunye ne-7.8 μH inductors elungiselelwe ubuncinci bokuxhathisa kwe-DC.
I inductance kunye DC ukuxhathisa of inductors spiral inokuchazwa parameters eziliqela: ububanzi yangaphandle do, jika ububanzi w kunye nesithuba s, inani lokujika n, kunye nomqhubi sheet ukumelana Rsheet.Figure 1a ibonisa ifoto yesilika-screen eprintiweyo inductor setyhula. nge n = 12, ebonisa iiparameters zejometri ezigqiba inductance yayo.Ngokutsho imodeli ammeter of Mohan et al. I-35, i-inductance ibalwa kwi-series ye-inductor geometries, apho
(a) Ifoto ye-inductor eprintiweyo kwesikrini ebonisa iiparameters zejometri.Ububanzi yi-3 cm.Inductance (b) kunye ne-DC resistance (c) yeejometri ezahlukeneyo ze-inductor.Imigca kunye namanqaku ahambelana namaxabiso abalwayo kunye nokulinganisa, ngokulandelelana. (d,e) I-DC resistances ye-inductors L1 kunye ne-L2 ishicilelwe isikrini kunye ne-Dupont 5028 kunye ne-5064H i-inks zesilivere, ngokulandelanayo. (f, g) I-SEM micrographs yesikrini sefilimu eprintwe yi-Dupont 5028 kunye ne-5064H, ngokulandelanayo.
Kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu, impembelelo yesikhumba kunye ne-parasitic capacitance iya kutshintsha ukuchasana kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-inductor ngokwexabiso layo le-DC. ngokuxhathisa rhoqo kwi-series.Ngoko ke, kulo msebenzi, sihlalutye ubudlelwane phakathi kweeparamitha zejometri, i-inductance, kunye nokumelana ne-DC, kwaye sasebenzisa iziphumo zokufumana i-inductance enikiweyo kunye neyona nto incinci yokuchasana kwe-DC.
I-inductance kunye nokuchasana kubalwa kuluhlu lweeparamitha zejometri ezinokuthi ziphunyezwe ngokuprintwa kwesikrini, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba i-inductance kuluhlu lwe-μH luya kuveliswa.Ububanzi obungaphandle be-3 kunye ne-5 cm, ububanzi bomgca we-500 kunye ne-1000 microns. , kunye neziguquko ezahlukeneyo zithelekiswa.Ekubaleni, kucingelwa ukuba ukuchasana kweshiti yi-47 mΩ / □, ehambelana ne-7 μm engqindilili ye-Dupont 5028 yesilivere ye-microflake conductor layer eprintwe nge-400 mesh isikrini kunye nokucwangcisa w = s.The Ukubalwa kwe-inductance kunye nokumelana namaxabiso kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1b kunye no-c, ngokulandelanayo.Umzekelo uqikelela ukuba zombini i-inductance kunye nokumelana nokunyuka njengoko ububanzi bangaphandle kunye nenani lokujika linyuka, okanye njengoko ububanzi bomgca buyancipha.
Ukuze kuvavanywe ukuchaneka koqikelelo lwemodeli, ii-inductors zejometri ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-inductances zenziwe kwi-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate.Imilinganiselo yokulinganisa kunye nokumelana nayo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1b kunye no-c. Nangona ukuchasana kubonise ukutenxa okuthile ixabiso elilindelekileyo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokutshintsha kobunzima kunye nokufana kwe-inki egciniweyo, i-inductance ibonise isivumelwano esihle kakhulu kunye nomzekelo.
Ezi ziphumo zingasetyenziselwa ukuyila i-inductor kunye ne-inductance efunekayo kunye nokunciphisa ubuncinci be-DC.Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba i-2 μH iyadingeka. ye-500 μm, kunye nokujika kwe-10. I-inductance efanayo inokuveliswa ngokusebenzisa i-5 cm ububanzi obungaphandle, i-500 μm ububanzi bomgca kunye no-5 ujika okanye i-1000 μm ububanzi bomgca kunye no-7 ujika (njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso) .Ukuthelekisa ukuchasana kwezi zintathu iijometri ezinokwenzeka kwi-Figure 1c, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba ukuxhathisa okuphantsi kwe-5 cm inductor kunye nobubanzi bomgca we-1000 μm yi-34 Ω, malunga ne-40% engaphantsi kunezinye ezimbini. Inkqubo yoyilo ngokubanzi ukuphumeza i-inductance enikiweyo. kunye nokuchasana okuncinci kushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Okokuqala, khetha ubuninzi obuvumelekileyo bedayamitha yangaphandle ngokwemithintelo yendawo ebekwe sisicelo.Emva koko, ububanzi bomgca kufuneka bube bukhulu ngokusemandleni ngelixa ufezekisa i-inductance efunekayo ukuze ufumane izinga lokuzaliswa okuphezulu. (Equation (3)).
Ngokwandisa ubukhulu okanye ukusebenzisa izinto ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokunciphisa ukuchasana kwephepha lefilimu yensimbi, ukuxhathisa kwe-DC kunokunciphisa ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela i-inductance.I-inductors ezimbini, iiparameters zejometri zinikwe kwiThebhile 1, ebizwa ngokuba yi-L1 kunye ne-L2, ziveliswa ngamanani ahlukeneyo eengubo zokuvavanya ukuguquka kokuchasana.Njengoko inani leenki ze-inki landa, ukuchasana kuyancipha ngokulinganayo njengoko kulindelwe, njengoko kuboniswe kwiMifanekiso 1d kunye ne-e, eyi-inductors L1 kunye ne-L2, ngokulandelanayo.Amanani 1d kunye ne-e. bonisa ukuba ngokufaka i-6 layers yokugqoka, ukuchasana kungancitshiswa ukuya kumaxesha angama-6, kunye nokunciphisa ubuninzi bokuchasana (50-65%) kwenzeka phakathi koluhlu lwe-1 kunye noluhlu lwe-2. Ekubeni uluhlu ngalunye lweyinki luncinci, a isikrini esinobukhulu obuncinci begridi (imigca engama-400 nge-intshi nganye) isetyenziselwa ukuprinta ezi inductors, esivumela ukuba sifunde isiphumo sobume be-conductor ekuchaseni.Njengoko iimpawu zepateni zihlala zikhulu kunesisombululo esincinci segridi, a ubukhulu obufanayo (kunye nokumelana) bunokufezekiswa ngokukhawuleza ngokushicilela inani elincinane leengubo ezinobukhulu begridi enkulu.Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukuphumeza ukuxhathisa okufanayo kwe-DC njengoko i-inductor ene-coated ixoxwa apha, kodwa ngesantya esiphezulu semveliso.
Amanani e-1d kunye ne-e abonisa kwakhona ukuba ngokusebenzisa i-inki ye-flake yesilivere eqhuba ngakumbi i-DuPont 5064H, ukuchasana kuncitshiswa yinto emibini.Ukusuka kwi-SEM micrographs yeefilimu eziprintwe ngeenki ezimbini (Figure 1f, g), ingaba ibone ukuba i-conductivity ephantsi ye-inki ye-5028 ibangelwa ubungakanani bamasuntswana amancinci kunye nobukho be-voids ezininzi phakathi kwamasuntswana kwifilimu eprintiweyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-5064H ineeflakes ezinkulu, ezicwangciswe ngokusondeleyo, okwenza ukuba ziziphathe ngokusondeleyo kubuninzi. isilivere.Nangona ifilimu eveliswa yile inki incinci kune-inki ye-5028, kunye noluhlu olulodwa lwe-4 μm kunye ne-6 yemigangatho ye-22 μm, ukunyuka kwe-conductivity kwanele ukunciphisa ukuxhathisa jikelele.
Ekugqibeleni, nangona i-inductance (i-equation (1)) ixhomekeke kwinani lokujika (w + s), ukuchasana (i-equation (5)) kuxhomekeke kuphela kububanzi bomgca w.Ngoko ke, ngokunyusa w malunga ne-s, ukuxhathisa I-inductors ezimbini ezongezelelweyo ze-L3 kunye ne-L4 zenzelwe ukuba zibe ne-w = 2 kunye nobubanzi obukhulu bangaphandle, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1. Ezi inductors zenziwe nge-6 layers ye-DuPont 5064H yokugqoka, njengoko kubonisiwe ngaphambili, ukubonelela Ukusebenza okuphezulu.I-inductance ye-L3 yi-4.720 ± 0.002 μH kwaye ukuxhathisa yi-4.9 ± 0.1 Ω, ngelixa i-inductance ye-L4 yi-7.839 ± 0.005 μH kunye ne-6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, ezivumelana kakuhle kunye nomzekelo. ukwanda kobunzima, ukuqhubela phambili, kunye ne-w / s, oku kuthetha ukuba umlinganiselo we-L / R unyuke ngaphezu komyalelo wobukhulu obunxulumene nexabiso kwi-Figure 1.
Nangona uxhathiso oluphantsi lwe-DC luyathembisa, ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwee-inductors zezixhobo zombane ze-elektroniki ezisebenza kuluhlu lwe-kHz-MHz zifuna uphawu kwiifrikhwensi ze-AC.Umfanekiso 2a ubonisa ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kokumelana kunye nokusabela kwe-L3 kunye ne-L4. , ukuxhathisa kuhlala kuqikelelwa rhoqo kwixabiso layo le-DC, ngelixa i-reactance inyuka ngokulandelelana ngokuphindaphindiweyo, oku kuthetha ukuba i-inductance isoloko ilindelekile. I-L3 ibe yi-35.6 ± 0.3 MHz kunye ne-L4 ibe yi-24.3 ± 0.6 MHz. Ukuxhomekeka rhoqo kwi-quality factor Q (elingana ne-ωL / R) iboniswe kuMzobo 2b.L3 kunye ne-L4 ukuphumeza izinto eziphezulu ze-35 ± 1 kunye ne-33 ± 1 kumaza e-11 kunye ne-16 MHz, ngokulandelelanayo.I-inductance yee-μH ezimbalwa kunye ne-Q ephezulu ngokwentelekiso kumaza e-MHz zenza ezi zi-inductors zanele ukubuyisela ii-inductors zomphezulu wemveli kumandla aphantsi abaguquli be-DC-DC.
Ukumelana nokulinganisa u-R kunye ne-reactance X (a) kunye nomgangatho we-Q (b) we-inductors L3 kunye ne-L4 zihambelana nokuphindaphinda.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe i-footprint efunekayo kwi-capacitance enikeziweyo, kungcono ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-capacitor ene-capacitance enkulu, elingana ne-dielectric eqhubekayo ε eyahlulwe ngobunzima be-dielectric. Kulo msebenzi, sakhetha i-barium titanate composite njenge-dielectric ngenxa yokuba ine-epsilon ephezulu kunezinye isisombululo-esicutshungulwayo se-organic dielectrics.I-dielectric layer iprintwe phakathi kwee-conductor ezimbini zesilivere ukwenza i-metal-dielectric-metal structure.I-Capacitors ezinobungakanani obuhlukeneyo ngeesentimitha, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3a , zenziwa ngokusebenzisa iileyile ezimbini okanye ezintathu ze-inki ye-dielectric ukugcina isivuno esihle.Umfanekiso 3b ubonisa i-SEM micrograph ye-cross-sectional ye-capacitor emele eyenziwe ngemigangatho emibini ye-dielectric, kunye nobukhulu be-dielectric epheleleyo ye-21 μm. I-5064H i-layer enye kunye ne-6-layer 5064H ngokulandelanayo. Iincinci ze-barium titanate ze-Micron zibonakala kumfanekiso we-SEM kuba iindawo ezikhanyayo zijikelezwe yi-binder ye-organic binder. ifilimu yesinyithi eprintiweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzekeliso ngokukhulisa okuphezulu.
(a) Ifoto ye-capacitor eneendawo ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo.(b) I-SEM micrograph enqamlezileyo ye-capacitor enemigangatho emibini ye-dielectric, ebonisa i-barium titanate dielectric kunye ne-electrodes yesilivere.(c) Umthamo we-capacitor ene-2 ​​kunye ne-3 ye-barium titanate iileyile ze-dielectric kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo, ezilinganiswe kwi-1 MHz. (d) Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-capacitance, i-ESR, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-2.25 cm2 capacitor kunye neengqimba ze-2 ze-dielectric coatings and frequency.
Umthamo ulingana nendawo elindelekileyo. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 3c, i-capacitance ethile ye-dielectric yamanqanaba amabini yi-0.53 nF / cm2, kunye ne-capacitance ethile ye-dielectric yamanqanaba amathathu yi-0.33 nF / cm2. Ezi xabiso zihambelana ne-dielectric constant ye-13. I-capacitance kunye ne-dissipation factor (DF) nayo ilinganiswe kwii-frequencies ezahlukeneyo, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 3d, kwi-2.25 cm2 capacitor kunye nemigangatho emibini ye-dielectric. ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10 MHz, ngelixa kuluhlu olufanayo, i-DF inyuke ukusuka kwi-0.013 ukuya kwi-0.023. Ekubeni i-disipation factor yi-ratio yokulahlekelwa kwamandla kumandla agcinwe kumjikelo ngamnye we-AC, i-DF ye-0.02 ithetha ukuba i-2% yamandla aphathwayo. yi-capacitor idliwe.Le lahleko idla ngokubonakaliswa njenge-frequency-dependent equivalent series resistance (ESR) edityaniswe kuthotho kunye ne-capacitor, elingana ne-DF / ωC.Njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 3d, kwii-frequencies ezinkulu kune-1 MHz, I-ESR ingaphantsi kune-1.5 Ω, kwaye kwii-frequencies ezinkulu kune-4 MHz, i-ESR ingaphantsi kwe-0.5 Ω. Nangona usebenzisa le teknoloji ye-capacitor, i-μF-class capacitors efunekayo kwi-DC-DC converters ifuna indawo enkulu kakhulu, kodwa i-100 pF- Uluhlu lwe-nF capacitance kunye nokulahlekelwa okuphantsi kwezi capacitors kubenza bafaneleke kwezinye izicelo, ezifana nezihlungi kunye neesekethe ze-resonant .Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziselwa ukunyusa i-capacitance.I-dielectric constant constant kwandisa i-capacitance ethile 37; umzekelo, oku kunokufezekiswa ngokunyusa ukuxinwa kweengqungquthela ze-barium titanate kwi-inki.Ubukhulu obuncinci be-dielectric bunokusetyenziswa, nangona oku kufuna i-electrode ephantsi kunye ne-roughness ephantsi kune-flake yesilivere eprintiweyo yesikrini.I-Thinner, i-capacitor ephantsi yobunzima. iileyile zinokufakwa nge-inkjet yokushicilela i-31 okanye i-gravure yokushicilela i-10, enokuthi idibaniswe nenkqubo yokushicilela isikrini. Ekugqibeleni, iileya ezininzi ezitshintshileyo zetsimbi kunye ne-dielectric zinokufakwa kwaye ziprintwe kwaye zixhunywe ngokufanayo, ngaloo ndlela ukwandisa amandla angama-34 kwindawo nganye yeyunithi. .
Isahluli samandla ombane esenziwe ngababini bezinto ezichasayo sidla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza umlinganiselo wombane ofunekayo kulawulo lwengxelo yolawulo lombane.Kolu hlobo lwesicelo, ukuchasana kwesixhobo esiprintiweyo kufuneka kube kuluhlu lwe-kΩ-MΩ, kwaye umahluko phakathi izixhobo zincinci.Apha, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuchasana kweshiti le-inki yekhabhoni eprintiweyo-ikhusi enye yayiyi-900 Ω/ □. Olu lwazi lusetyenziselwa ukuyila i-resistors ezimbini zomgca (i-R1 kunye ne-R2) kunye ne-Serpentine resistor (R3). ) kunye nokuchasana okuqhelekileyo kwe-10 kΩ, i-100 kΩ, kunye ne-1.5 MΩ. Ukumelana phakathi kwamaxabiso aqhelekileyo kufezekiswa ngokuprinta ezimbini okanye ezintathu iileyile ze-inki, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4, kunye neefoto zee-resistance ezintathu.Yenza i-8- Iisampuli ezili-12 zohlobo ngalunye; kuzo zonke iimeko, ukutenxa komgangatho wokuchasana yi-10% okanye ngaphantsi.Utshintsho oluxhatshazwayo lweesampulu ezinemigangatho emibini okanye emithathu yokwambathisa ithande ukuba ncinane kancinane kunesampulu ezinomaleko omnye wokwaleka.Utshintsho oluncinci kuxhathiso olulinganisiweyo. kunye nesivumelwano esisondeleyo kunye nexabiso legama libonisa ukuba ezinye izichaso kulolu luhlu zingafumaneka ngokuthe ngqo ngokuguqula i-resistor geometry.
Iijiyometri ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokuxhathisa ezinamanani ahlukeneyo e-carbon resistive inki coatings.Izithombe ze-resistor ezintathu ziboniswa ngasekunene.
Iisekethe ze-RLC ziyimizekelo yeklasi yeencwadi ze-resistor, i-inductor, kunye ne-capacitor indibaniselwano esetyenziselwa ukubonisa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwamacandelo e-passive adityaniswe kwiisekethe eziprintiweyo zangempela.Kule sekethe, i-inductor ye-8 μH kunye ne-0.8 nF capacitor zixhunyiwe kuchungechunge, kunye I-25 kΩ resistor idityaniswe ngokunxuseneyo kunye nabo.Ifoto yesekethe eguquguqukayo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 5a.Isizathu sokukhetha olu luhlu lukhethekileyo-ludityanisiweyo ludityaniswe kukuba ukuziphatha kwalo kumiselwa yicandelo ngalinye lamacandelo amathathu ahlukeneyo, ukuze ukusebenza kwecandelo ngalinye kunokugqanyiswa kwaye kuvavanywe.Ukuqwalasela i-7 Ω uchungechunge oluchasayo lwe-inductor kunye ne-1.3 Ω ESR ye-capacitor, impendulo elindelekileyo ye-frequency yesiphaluka ibalwe.Umzobo wesiphaluka uboniswe kuMzobo 5b, kwaye ibalwa. I-impedance amplitude kunye nesigaba kunye namaxabiso alinganisiweyo aboniswe kwiMifanekiso ye-5c kunye ne-d. Kwi-frequencies ephantsi, i-impedance ephezulu ye-capacitor ithetha ukuba ukuziphatha kwesekethe kugqitywe yi-25 kΩ resistor. indlela yeLC iyancipha; yonke indlela yokuziphatha yesekethe i-capacitive de i-resonant frequency yi-2.0 MHz. Ngaphezulu kwe-resonance frequency, i-impedance inductive ilawula.Umfanekiso wesi-5 ubonisa ngokucacileyo isivumelwano esihle kakhulu phakathi kwamaxabiso abalwa kunye nokulinganisa kulo lonke uluhlu lwamafrikhwensi. Oku kuthetha ukuba imodeli esetyenzisiweyo Apha (apho ii-inductors kunye ne-capacitors ziyinxalenye efanelekileyo enokumelana nothotho) ichanekile ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwesekethe kula maza.
(a) Ifoto yesekethe ye-RLC eprintiweyo kwisikrini esebenzisa uthotho lokudibanisa i-inductor ye-8 μH kunye ne-0.8 nF capacitor ngokuhambelana ne-25 kΩ resistor. ,d) I-impedance amplitude (c) kunye nesigaba (d) sesekethe.
Ekugqibeleni, i-inductors eprintiweyo kunye ne-resistors iphunyezwa kwi-boost regulator.I-IC esetyenziswe kulo mboniso yi-Microchip MCP1640B14, eyi-PWM-based based synchronous boost regulator kunye ne-frequency yokusebenza ye-500 kHz.Umzobo wesiphaluka uboniswe kwi-Figure 6a.A. I-4.7 μH inductor kunye ne-capacitors ezimbini (4.7 μF kunye ne-10 μF) zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokugcina amandla, kwaye i-resistors ezimbini zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-voltage yemveliso yolawulo lwempendulo.Khetha ixabiso lokumelana nokulungelelanisa umbane wokuphuma kwi-5 V. Isiphaluka senziwa kwi-PCB, kwaye ukusebenza kwayo kulinganiswa ngaphakathi kokumelana nomthwalo kunye noluhlu lwegalelo lombane we-3 ukuya kwi-4 V ukulinganisa ibhetri ye-lithium-ion kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutshaja. ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-SMT inductors kunye ne-resistors.I-SMT capacitors isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iimeko kuba i-capacitance efunekayo kwesi sicelo inkulu kakhulu ukuba igqitywe ngee-capacitors eziprintiweyo.
(a) Idiagram ye-voltage stabilizing circuit. (b-d) (b) I-Vout, (c) Vsw, kunye (d) Iifom zamaza zangoku ezigeleza kwi-inductor, i-voltage yegalelo yi-4.0 V, ukuxhathisa komthwalo yi-1 kΩ, kunye ne-inductor eprintiweyo isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa.Izixhasi zokuxhoma phezu komphezulu kunye neecapacitors zisetyenziselwa lo mlinganiso.(e) Kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokuchasana nomthwalo kunye neevoltheji zegalelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kweesekethe zolawulo lwamandla ombane kusetyenziswa onke amacandelo okunyuka komphezulu kunye nee-inductors eziprintiweyo kunye nezichasi.(f ) Umlinganiselo osebenzayo wokunyuka komphezulu kunye nesekethe eprintiweyo eboniswe kwi (e).
Kwi-voltage ye-4.0 ye-V kunye ne-1000 Ω ukumelana nomthwalo, iifom zamaza ezilinganisiweyo zisebenzisa i-inductors eziprintiweyo ziboniswa kuMzobo 6b-d.Umfanekiso 6c ubonisa i-voltage kwi-terminal ye-Vsw ye-IC; I-voltage ye-inductor yi-Vin-Vsw.Umfanekiso we-6d ubonisa ukugeleza kwangoku kwi-inductor.Ukusebenza kwesekethe kunye ne-SMT kunye namacandelo aprintiweyo kuboniswe kuMzobo we-6e njengomsebenzi we-voltage yegalelo kunye nokumelana nomthwalo, kunye ne-Figure 6f ibonisa umlinganiselo osebenzayo. yamacandelo ashicilelweyo kumacandelo e-SMT.Ubuchule obulinganisiweyo kusetyenziswa amacandelo e-SMT bufana nexabiso elilindelekileyo elinikwe kwiphepha ledatha lomenzi 14. Kwigalelo eliphezulu langoku (ukumelana nomthwalo ophantsi kunye nombane ophantsi), ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-inductors eziprintiweyo kuphantsi kakhulu kunoko. ukuba i-inductors ye-SMT ngenxa yokumelana nochungechunge oluphezulu.Nangona kunjalo, nge-voltage ephezulu yokufaka kunye nemveliso ephezulu yangoku, ilahleko yokuchasana iba yinto engabalulekanga kangako, kwaye ukusebenza kwee-inductors eziprintiweyo ziqala ukusondela kwii-inductors ze-SMT.Ukumelana nomthwalo> 500 Ω kunye neVin. = 4.0 V okanye> 750 Ω kunye neVin = 3.5 V, ukusebenza kakuhle kwee-inductors eziprintiweyo kukhulu kune-85% ye-SMT inductors.
Ukuthelekisa i-waveform yangoku kwi-Figure 6d kunye nokulahlekelwa kwamandla okulinganisiweyo kubonisa ukuba ilahleko yokuchasana kwi-inductor iyona nto ibangela umahluko phakathi kwesekethe eprintiweyo kunye nesekethe ye-SMT, njengoko kulindelwe. i-voltage yegalelo kunye ne-1000 Ω ukumelana nomthwalo yi-30.4 mW kunye ne-25.8 mW kwiisekethe ezinamacandelo e-SMT, kunye ne-33.1 mW kunye ne-25.2 mW kwiisekethe ezinamacandelo aprintiweyo. Ngoko ke, ilahleko yesekethe eprintiweyo yi-7.9 mW, eyi-3.4 mW ephezulu kune-3.4 mW isiphaluka esinamacandelo e-SMT.I-RMS inductor yangoku ibalwa ukusuka kwi-waveform kwi-Figure 6d yi-25.6 mA. Ekubeni ukuchasana kochungechunge lwayo yi-4.9 Ω, ilahleko yamandla elindelekileyo yi-3.2 mW. Le yi-96% yomlinganiselo olinganisiweyo we-3.4 mW DC umahluko wamandla. Ukongeza, isiphaluka senziwa ngee-inductors eziprintiweyo kunye ne-resistors eziprintiweyo kunye nee-inductors eziprintiweyo kunye ne-SMT resistors, kunye akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo obonwayo phakathi kwabo.
Emva koko i-voltage regulator yenziwe kwi-PCB eguquguqukayo (ukushicilelwa kwesekethe kunye nokusebenza kwecandelo le-SMT kuboniswe kwi-Supplementary Figure S1) kwaye idibene phakathi kwebhetri ye-lithium-ion eguquguqukayo njengomthombo wamandla kunye noluhlu lwe-OLED njengomthwalo. Ngokutsho kukaLochner et al. I-9 Ukuvelisa ii-OLED, i-pixel nganye ye-OLED isebenzisa i-0.6 mA kwi-5 V. Ibhetri isebenzisa i-lithium cobalt oxide kunye negraphite njenge-cathode kunye ne-anode, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye yenziwe ngugqirha we-blade coating, eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuprinta ibhetri.7 umthamo webhetri yi-16mAh, kwaye i-voltage ngexesha lovavanyo yi-4.0V.Umfanekiso 7 ubonisa ifoto yesekethe kwi-PCB eguquguqukayo, inika amandla iipikseli ezintathu ze-OLED ezidityaniswe ngokuhambelana. izixhobo eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-organic ukwenza iinkqubo zombane ezinzima ngakumbi.
Ifoto ye-voltage regulator circuit kwi-PCB eguquguqukayo isebenzisa i-inductors eprintiweyo kunye ne-resistors, isebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziguquguqukayo ukunika amandla ii-LED ezintathu eziphilayo.
Siye sabonisa ii-inductors eziprintiweyo zesikrini, ii-capacitors kunye ne-resistors ezinoluhlu lwamaxabiso kwii-substrates ze-PET eziguquguqukayo, ngenjongo yokutshintsha amacandelo aphezu komhlaba kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki.Sibonise ukuba ngokuyila i-spiral enobubanzi obukhulu, izinga lokuzalisa , kunye nomgca ububanzi-isithuba ububanzi ratio, kwaye ngokusebenzisa umaleko ashinyeneyo of ink-resistance ephantsi-ink.La macandelo adityaniswe kwi eprintiweyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye bhetyebhetye sesekethe RLC kwaye ubonise ukuziphatha kombane enokuxelwa kwangaphambili kuluhlu kHz-MHz frequency, leyo inkulu kakhulu. inzala kumbane we-elektroniki.
Iimeko zokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kumbane oprintiweyo izixhobo zombane ziyanxitywa okanye imveliso-edityanisiweyo ebhetyebhetye iinkqubo zombane, inikwe bhetyebhetye iibhetri etshajwayo (ezifana lithium-ion), ezinokuthi ukuvelisa umbane oguquguqukayo ngokwemeko yentlawulo.Ukuba umthwalo (kubandakanywa noshicilelo kunye noshicilelo izixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-organic) zifuna amandla ombane angaguqukiyo okanye aphezulu kunokukhutshwa kwamandla ombane ngebhetri, isilawuli sombane siyafuneka.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ii-inductors eziprintiweyo kunye nezichasi zidityaniswe nee-ICs ze-silicon zemveli kwi-boost regulator ukunika amandla i-OLED nge-voltage engaguqukiyo. ye-5 V ukusuka kumbane oguquguqukayo wombane webhetri.Ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lomthwalo wangoku kunye nokufakwa kwamandla ombane, ukusebenza kakuhle kwesi sekethi kudlula i-85% yendlela yokusebenza yesekethe yokulawula usebenzisa i-inductors kunye ne-resistators. ilahleko ezichasayo kwi-inductor zisengumbandela wokunciphisa ukusebenza kwesekethe kumanqanaba aphezulu angoku (igalelo langoku elikhulu kune-10 mA) .Nangona kunjalo, kwimisinga ephantsi, ilahleko kwi-inductor iyancitshiswa, kwaye ukusebenza ngokubanzi kukhawulelwe ngokusebenza kakuhle. ye-IC.Njengoko izixhobo ezininzi eziprintiweyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo zifuna ii-currents eziphantsi, ezifana ne-OLED encinci esetyenziswe ekuboniseni kwethu, i-inductors yamandla eprintiweyo ingathathwa njengento efanelekileyo kwizicelo ezinjalo.Ngokusebenzisa ii-ICs ezenzelwe ukuba zibe nokusebenza okuphezulu kumanqanaba aphantsi angoku, ukusebenza okuphezulu koguqulo jikelele kunokufezekiswa.
Kulo msebenzi, i-voltage regulator yakhiwe kwi-PCB yendabuko, i-PCB eguquguqukayo kunye neteknoloji ye-solder mount mount component, ngelixa icandelo eliprintiweyo lenziwa kwi-substrate eyahlukileyo.Nangona kunjalo, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye ne-high-viscosity inki ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa isikrini- iifilimu eziprintiweyo kufuneka zivumele amacandelo angenayo, kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kwesixhobo kunye ne-surface mount component contact pads, ukuba ziprintwe kuyo nayiphi na i-substrate.Oku, kudityaniswe nokusetyenziswa kwe-adhesives ekhoyo ephantsi yobushushu obuphantsi kwi-conductive components, iya kuvumela. isiphaluka sonke esiza kwakhiwa kwii-substrates ezingabizi kakhulu (ezifana ne-PET) ngaphandle kwesidingo seenkqubo zokunciphisa ezifana ne-PCB etching.Ngoko ke, i-screen-printed components passive ephuhliswe kulo msebenzi inceda ekuvuleni indlela yeesistim ze-elektroniki eziguquguqukayo ezidibanisa amandla kunye nemithwalo. kunye ne-electronics ephezulu yokusebenza kwamandla, usebenzisa i-substrates engabizi, ngokukodwa iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo kunye nokuncinci Inani lamacandelo okunyuka komphezulu.
Ukusebenzisa i-Asys ASP01M umshicileli wesikrini kunye nesikrini sensimbi esingenasici esinikezelwa yiDynamesh Inc., zonke iileyile zamacandelo e-passive ziprintwe kwi-substrate ye-PET eguquguqukayo kunye nobukhulu be-76 μm. imigca nge-intshi nganye ye-dielectric layer kunye ne-resistance layer.Sebenzisa i-squeegee force ye-55 N, isantya sokushicilela i-60 mm / s, umgama oqhekezayo we-1.5 mm, kunye ne-Serilor squeegee enobunzima be-65 (yesinyithi kunye ne-resissive). iileya) okanye 75 (yeeleya zedielectric) zoshicilelo lwesikrini.
Iingqimba ze-conductive-i-inductors kunye nabafowunelwa be-capacitors kunye nabachasi-ziprintwe kunye ne-DuPont 5082 okanye i-DuPont 5064H yesilivere ye-microflake inki.I-resistor iprintwe kunye ne-DuPont 7082 carbon conductor. Kwi-capacitor dielectric, i-conductive compound BT-101 dielectric titana isetyenzisiwe.Uluhlu ngalunye lwe-dielectric luveliswa ngokusebenzisa umjikelezo wokuprinta ombini (omanzi-omanzi) ukuphucula ukufana kwefilimu.Kwicandelo ngalinye, umphumo wemijikelezo yokushicilela amaninzi ekusebenzeni kwecandelo kunye nokuhluka kuhlolwe.Iisampulu zenziwe nge iingubo ezininzi zezinto ezifanayo zomiswa kwi-70 ° C kwimizuzu ye-2 phakathi kweengubo. Emva kokufaka ingubo yokugqibela yezinto eziphathekayo, iisampuli zabhaka kwi-140 ° C imizuzu eyi-10 ukuqinisekisa ukomisa okupheleleyo.Umsebenzi wokulungelelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwesikrini. Umshicileli usetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa iileya ezilandelayo.Uqhagamshelwano nombindi we-inductor lufezekiswa ngokusika umngxuma kwiphedi yeziko kunye nemigca yoshicilelo yestencil ngasemva kwe-substrate nge-inki ye-DuPont 5064H. Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezixhobo zoshicilelo lukwasebenzisa iDupont. Ukuprintwa kwe-stencil ye-5064H.Ukuze ubonise amacandelo ashicilelweyo kunye namacandelo e-SMT kwi-PCB eguquguqukayo eboniswe kwi-Figure 7, amacandelo aprintiweyo axhunyiwe usebenzisa i-Circuit Works CW2400 epoxy conductive, kunye nezixhobo ze-SMT zidibaniswe ngokuthengiswa kwendabuko.
I-Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) kunye ne-electrodes esekelwe kwigraphite zisetyenziswa njenge-cathode kunye ne-anode yebhetri, ngokulandelanayo.I-cathode slurry ngumxube we-80% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5% yegraphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 I-% carbon black (Super P, Timcal) kunye ne-10% ye-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.). ) I-anode ngumxube we-84wt% yegraphite, 4wt% carbon black kunye ne-13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) isetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa i-PVDF binder kunye nokusabalalisa i-slurry. ukuvuselela nge-vortex mixer ngobusuku.I-0.0005 intshi ye-foil yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-10 μm ye-nickel foil isetyenziswa njengabaqokeleli bangoku kwi-cathode kunye ne-anode, ngokulandelelana. mm / s. Ukushisa i-electrode kwi-oven kwi-80 ° C kwiiyure ze-2 ukususa i-solvent.Ukuphakama kwe-electrode emva kokumisa malunga ne-60 μm, kwaye kusekelwe kubunzima bezinto ezisebenzayo, umthamo wethiyori ngu-1.65 mAh. / cm2.I-electrodes yanqunyulwa kwimilinganiselo ye-1.3 × 1.3 cm2 kwaye ishushu kwi-oven vacuum kwi-140 ° C ngobusuku, kwaye emva koko itywinwe ngeengxowa ze-aluminium laminate kwibhokisi yeglavu egcwele i-nitrogen. Isisombululo sefilimu yesiseko se-polypropylene i-anode kunye ne-cathode kunye ne-1M LiPF6 kwi-EC/DEC (1:1) isetyenziswa njenge-electrolyte yebhetri.
I-OLED eluhlaza iqulethe i-poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n- (4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine) (TFB) kunye ne-poly ((9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole--) 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) ngokwenkqubo echazwe kwi-Lochner et al.
Sebenzisa iprofayili yesimbo seDektak ukulinganisa ubukhulu befilimu. Ifilim yasikwa ukulungiselela isampuli enqamlezileyo yophando ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (SEM).I-FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun (FEG) SEM isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ubume beprinta. ifilimu kwaye uqinisekise umlinganiselo wobunzima.Uphononongo lwe-SEM luqhutywe kwi-voltage ekhawulezayo ye-20 keV kunye nomgama oqhelekileyo wokusebenza we-10 mm.
Sebenzisa i-multimeter yedijithali ukulinganisa ukuxhathisa kwe-DC, i-voltage kunye ne-current.I-impedance ye-AC yee-inductors, i-capacitors kunye neesekethe zilinganiswa kusetyenziswa imitha ye-Agilent E4980 LCR ye-frequencies engaphantsi kwe-1 MHz kunye ne-Agilent E5061A yokuhlaziya inethiwekhi isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iifrikhwensi ezingaphezu kwe-500 kHz. I-Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope ukulinganisa i-voltage regulator waveform.
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