iindaba

Mhlawumbi emva komthetho ka-Ohm, umthetho wesibini owaziwa kakhulu kwi-electronics ngumthetho we-Moore: Inani le-transistors elinokuveliswa kwisekethe edibeneyo liphindwe kabini kwiminyaka emibini okanye kunjalo. Kuba ubungakanani bomzimba be-chip buhlala bufana, oku kuthetha ukuba ii-transistors nganye ziya kuba ncinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Sesiqalisile ukulindela ukuba isizukulwana esitsha seetshiphusi ezinobungakanani beempawu ezincinci zivele ngesantya esiqhelekileyo, kodwa yintoni injongo yokwenza izinto zibe zincinci? Ngaba encinci ihlala ithetha ngcono?
Kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, ubunjineli be-elektroniki buye benza inkqubela enkulu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1920, oonomathotholo be-AM baphambili babeneityhubhu zokufunxa ezininzi, ii-inductors ezinkulu ezininzi, ii-capacitors kunye nezichasi, iimitha ezininzi zeengcingo ezisetyenziswa njengee-eriyali, kunye neseti enkulu yeebhetri ukunika amandla isixhobo sonke. Namhlanje, unokumamela ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini iinkonzo zokusasaza umculo kwisixhobo epokothweni yakho, kwaye unokwenza okungakumbi. Kodwa i-miniaturization ayikona nje ukuphatheka: kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ukufezekisa ukusebenza esikulindeleyo kwizixhobo zethu namhlanje.
Enye inzuzo ecacileyo yamacandelo amancinci kukuba ikuvumela ukuba ubandakanye ukusebenza okungaphezulu kumthamo ofanayo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiisekethe zedijithali: amacandelo amaninzi athetha ukuba unokwenza ngakumbi ukucubungula ngexesha elifanayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwithiyori, isixa solwazi olusetyenzwe yiprosesa ye-64-bit iphindwe kasibhozo kune-8-bit CPU esebenza ngexesha elifanayo lewotshi. Kodwa ifuna amacandelo aphindwe kasibhozo: iirejista, ii-adders, iibhasi, njl. Ngoko ke mhlawumbi ufuna itshiphu ephindwe kasibhozo enkulu, okanye ufuna itransistor ephindwe kasibhozo encinci.
Kuyafana nakwiichips zememori: Ngokwenza ii-transistors ezincinci, unendawo enkulu yokugcina kwivolumu efanayo. Iiphikseli kwimiboniso emininzi namhlanje zenziwe ngeetransistors zefilimu ezicekethekileyo, ngoko iyavakala ukuzohliselwa phantsi kwaye kufezekiswe izigqibo eziphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-transistor encinci, ingcono, kwaye kukho esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo: ukusebenza kwabo kuphuculwe kakhulu. Kodwa kutheni kanye?
Nanini na xa usenza i-transistor, iya kubonelela ngeenxalenye ezongezelelweyo simahla. Itheminali nganye inesixhasi kuthotho. Nayiphi na into ephethe langoku nayo ine-self-inductance. Okokugqibela, kukho i-capacitance phakathi kwabo nabaphi na abaqhubi ababini abajongeneyo. Zonke ezi ziphumo zidla amandla kwaye zicotha isantya se-transistor. I-parasitic capacitances inzima kakhulu: i-transistors kufuneka ihlawulwe kwaye ikhutshwe rhoqo xa ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe, efuna ixesha kunye nekhoyo kumbane.
I-Capacitance phakathi kwabaqhubi ababini ngumsebenzi wobukhulu babo bomzimba: ubungakanani obuncinci buthetha i-capacitance encinci. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ii-capacitors ezincinci zithetha isantya esiphezulu kunye namandla asezantsi, ii-transistors ezincinci zinokubaleka kwizandi zewotshi eziphezulu kwaye zikhuphe ubushushu obuncinci ngokwenza oko.
Njengoko ucutha ubungakanani bee-transistors, i-capacitance ayisiyiyo kuphela impembelelo eguqukayo: zininzi iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga ze-quantum mechanical ezingabonakali kwizixhobo ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, ukwenza ii-transistors zibe zincinci kuya kubenza bakhawuleze. Kodwa iimveliso ze-elektroniki zingaphezulu nje kwe-transistors. Xa unciphisa amanye amacandelo, asebenza njani?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezifana ne-resistors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-inductors aziyi kuba ngcono xa zincinci: ngeendlela ezininzi, ziya kuba mbi ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, ukwenziwa kweminiaturization yala macandelo ikakhulu kukukwazi ukuwacinezela abe ngumthamo omncinci, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwe isithuba sePCB.
Ubungakanani be-resistor bunokuncitshiswa ngaphandle kokubangela ilahleko enkulu. Ukuxhathisa isiqwenga sezinto kunikwa ngu, apho l ubude, A yindawo enqamlezayo, kwaye ρ yi-resistivity yezinto. Unokunciphisa ubude kunye necandelo elinqamlezayo, kwaye uphele une-resistor encinci ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa usenokumelana okufanayo. Ububi kuphela kukuba xa kuchithwa amandla afanayo, izichasi ezincinci ngokwasemzimbeni ziya kuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kunezichasi ezinkulu. Ke ngoko, izichasi ezincinci zinokusetyenziswa kuphela kwiisekethe zamandla aphantsi. Le theyibhile ibonisa indlela umlinganiselo wamandla aphezulu we-SMD resistors ehla njengoko ubungakanani babo buncipha.
Namhlanje, i-resistor encinci onokuyithenga yi-metric 03015 ubukhulu (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). Amandla abo alinganisiweyo angama-20 mW kuphela kwaye asetyenziselwa kuphela iisekethe ezichitha amandla amancinci kwaye zilinganiselwe kakhulu ngobukhulu. Iphakheji encinci ye-metric 0201 (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) ikhululiwe, kodwa ayikafakwa kwimveliso. Kodwa nokuba ziyavela kwikhathalogu yomenzi, ungalindeli ukuba zibekho kuyo yonke indawo: iirobhothi ezininzi zokukhetha kunye nendawo azichanekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziziphathe, ke zisenokuba zimveliso ze-niche.
IiCapacitors nazo zinokuncitshiswa, kodwa oku kuya kunciphisa amandla abo. Ifomula yokubala i-capacitance ye-shunt capacitor, apho i-A iyindawo yebhodi, d ngumgama phakathi kwabo, kwaye ε yi-dielectric constant (ipropati yezinto eziphakathi). Ukuba i-capacitor (ngokusisiseko i-flat device) i-miniaturized, indawo kufuneka incitshiswe, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amandla. Ukuba usafuna ukupakisha i-nafara eninzi kwivolumu encinci, ekuphela kwenketho kukupakisha iileya ezininzi kunye. Ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kwizinto kunye nokuveliswa, eziye zenza iifilimu ezibhityileyo (ezincinci d) kunye ne-dielectrics ezikhethekileyo (ezinkulu ε) kunokwenzeka, ubukhulu bee-capacitors buye bancipha kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo.
I-capacitor encinci ekhoyo namhlanje ikwi-ultra-small metric 0201 package: kuphela 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm. Umthamo wabo ukhawulelwe kwi-100 nF esebenzayo, kwaye umbane ophezulu wokusebenza ngu-6.3 V. Kwakhona, ezi phakheji zincinci kakhulu kwaye zifuna izixhobo eziphambili zokuzibamba, zinciphisa ukwamkelwa kwazo ngokubanzi.
Kuba inductors, ibali isuntswana tricky. I-inductance yekhoyili ethe tye inikwa, apho i-N inani lokujika, A yindawo enqamlezileyo yekhoyili, l bubude bayo, kwaye u-μ yinto engatshintshiyo (i-permeability). Ukuba yonke imilinganiselo iyancitshiswa ngesiqingatha, i-inductance nayo iya kuncitshiswa ngesiqingatha. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchasana kocingo kuhlala kufana: oku kungenxa yokuba ubude kunye ne-cross-section ye-wire iyancipha ukuya kwikota yexabiso layo lokuqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ugqiba ukuchasana okufanayo kwisiqingatha se-inductance, ngoko unciphisa umgangatho (Q) we-coil.
I-inductor encinci ekhoyo yorhwebo ithatha ubukhulu be-intshi 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). Ezi ziphezulu njenge-56 nH kwaye zinokuchasana kwee-ohms ezimbalwa. Ii-inductors kwi-ultra-small metric 0201 package yakhululwa ngo-2014, kodwa ngokucacileyo ayizange ifakwe kwimarike.
Ukulinganiselwa komzimba we-inductors kuye kwasonjululwa ngokusebenzisa i-phenomenon ebizwa ngokuba yi-dynamic inductance, enokuthi ibonwe kwiikhoyili ezenziwe ngegraphene. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ukuba inokuveliswa ngendlela yorhwebo, inokunyuka nge-50%. Ekugqibeleni, i-coil ayikwazi ukuncitshiswa kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isiphaluka sakho sisebenza kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu, oku akuyongxaki. Ukuba isiginali yakho ikuluhlu lweGHz, iikhoyili ezimbalwa ze-nH zihlala zanele.
Oku kusizisa kwenye into eye yenziwa yancinci kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kodwa usenokungaqapheli kwangoko: ubude bamaza esibusebenzisela unxibelelwano. Usasazo lukanomathotholo lwakwangoko lwalusebenzisa amaza aphakathi-amaza e-AM amalunga ne-1 MHz kunye nobude obumalunga neemitha ezingama-300. Ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-FM egxile kwi-100 MHz okanye i-3 yeemitha yaduma malunga nee-1960s, kwaye namhlanje sisebenzisa ikakhulu unxibelelwano lwe-4G malunga ne-1 okanye i-2 GHz (malunga ne-20 cm). Iifrikhwensi eziphezulu zithetha amandla osasazo olwazi oluninzi. Kungenxa ye-miniaturization eyenza ukuba sibe neerediyo ezingabizi, ezithembekileyo kunye nezonga amandla ezisebenza kwezi frikhwensi.
Ukuncipha kwamaza amaza kunokucutha ii-eriyali kuba ubungakanani bazo bunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobuninzi bezandi ezifuna ukuhambisa okanye ukuzifumana. Iifowuni eziphathwayo zanamhlanje azidingi i-eriyali ezinde eziphumayo, ngenxa yonxibelelwano oluzinikeleyo kwi-GHz frequencies, apho i-eriyali ifuna kuphela malunga nesentimitha enye ubude. Kungenxa yoko le nto uninzi lweeselfowuni ezisenezamkeli ze-FM zifuna ukuba uqhagamshele ezindlebeni ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa: unomathotholo kufuneka usebenzise ucingo lwe-earphone njenge-eriyali ukuze ufumane amandla omqondiso owaneleyo kuloo maza amade emitha enye.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiisekethe eziqhagamshelwe kwii-eriyali zethu ezincinci, xa zincinci, ziba lula ukuzenza. Oku akuphelelanga nje ngokuba ii-transistors ziye zakhawuleza, kodwa nangenxa yokuba iziphumo zemigca yothumelo ayiseyiyo ingxaki. Ngamafutshane, xa ubude bocingo budlula enye yeshumi ye-wavelength, kufuneka uqikelele ukutshintshwa kwesigaba kunye nobude bayo xa uyila isiphaluka. Kwi-2.4 GHz, oku kuthetha ukuba isentimitha enye kuphela yocingo ichaphazele isekethe yakho; ukuba uthengisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye, yintloko ebuhlungu, kodwa ukuba ubeka isekethe kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa zesikwere, akuyongxaki.
Ukuxela kwangaphambili ukuphela koMthetho kaMoore, okanye ukubonisa ukuba ezi ziqikelelo azilunganga ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuye kwaba ngumxholo ophindaphindiweyo kwi-journalism yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Inyani ihleli kukuba i-Intel, i-Samsung, kunye ne-TSMC, abakhuphisana abathathu abasephambili kumdlalo, bayaqhubeka nokucinezela amanqaku angaphezulu kwi-square micrometer, kwaye bacwangcise ukwazisa izizukulwana ezininzi zeetshiphusi eziphuculweyo kwixesha elizayo. Nangona inkqubela abayenzileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye isenokungabi nkulu kangako kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, i-miniaturization yeetransistors iyaqhubeka.
Nangona kunjalo, kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, kubonakala ngathi sifikelele kumda wendalo: ukuwenza abe mancinci akuphuculi ukusebenza kwawo, kwaye awona macandelo amancinci akhoyo ngoku amancinci kuneemeko ezininzi zokusetyenziswa ezifunekayo. Kubonakala ngathi akukho Mthetho kaMoore wezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, kodwa ukuba kukho uMthetho kaMoore, singathanda ukubona ukuba umntu omnye unokutyhala kangakanani na umngeni wokuthengisela i-SMD.
Ndihlala ndifuna ukuthatha umfanekiso we-PTH resistor endiyisebenzisileyo kwi-1970s, kwaye ndibeke i-SMD resistor kuyo, njengokuba nditshintshela ngaphakathi / ngaphandle ngoku. Injongo yam kukwenza abazalwana noodade bam (akukho namnye kubo oyimveliso ye-elektroniki) utshintsho olungakanani, kuquka ndikwazi ukubona iindawo zomsebenzi wam, (njengoko amehlo am ebona ngakumbi, izandla zam ziya ziba mbi ngakumbi Zingcangcazela).
Ndiyathanda ukuthi, ngaba kunye okanye akunjalo. Ndikuthiyile kakhulu "ukuphucula, ubengcono." Ngamanye amaxesha uyilo lwakho lusebenza kakuhle, kodwa awusakwazi ukufumana iinxalenye. Sihogo santoni eso? . Ingqikelelo elungileyo ngumbono olungileyo, kwaye kungcono ukuyigcina njengoko injalo, kunokuba uyiphucule ngaphandle kwesizathu. Gantt
"Inyani ihleli kukuba iinkampani ezintathu ze-Intel, i-Samsung kunye ne-TSMC zisakhuphisana phambili kulo mdlalo, zihlala zikhupha amanqaku amaninzi kwi-micrometer yesikwere,"
Amacandelo e-elektroniki makhulu kwaye ayabiza. Ngowe-1971, intsapho eqhelekileyo yayinonomathotholo abambalwa kuphela, istiriyo nomabonwakude. Ngomnyaka we-1976, iikhomputha, ii-calculators, iiwotshi zedijithali kunye neewotshi ziye zaphuma, ezincinci kwaye zingabizi kubathengi.
Enye i-miniaturization ivela kuyilo. I-amplifiers yokusebenza ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwee-gyrators, ezinokuthi zithathe indawo ye-inductors enkulu kwezinye iimeko. Izihluzi ezisebenzayo zikwasusa ii-inductors.
Amacandelo amakhulu akhuthaza ezinye izinto: ukuncitshiswa kwesekethe, oko kukuthi, ukuzama ukusebenzisa awona macandelo ambalwa ukwenza umsebenzi wesiphaluka. Namhlanje, asikhathali kangako. Ngaba ufuna into yokubuyisela umva uphawu? Thatha iamplifier yokusebenza. Ngaba ufuna umatshini karhulumente? Thatha impu. njl. Ke ngokusisiseko ubungakanani besekethe yakho buyanda kwaye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyanda. I-transistor esetyenziselwa ukuguqula umqondiso isebenzisa amandla amancinci ukuphumeza umsebenzi ofanayo kune-amplifier esebenzayo. Kodwa emva koko, i-miniaturization iya kukhathalela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kuphela nje into entsha iye kwicala elahlukileyo.
Uphose ngokwenene ezinye zeenzuzo ezinkulu / izizathu zobungakanani obuncitshisiweyo: iiparasikhi zepakethe ezincitshisiweyo kunye nokuphathwa kwamandla okwandisiweyo (okubonakala ngathi kuchasene).
Ukusuka kwindawo ebonakalayo, nje ukuba ubungakanani besici bufikelele malunga ne-0.25u, uya kufikelela kwinqanaba le-GHz, ngelo xesha iphakheji enkulu yeSOP iqala ukuvelisa eyona mpembelelo inkulu *. Iingcingo ezinde zokubopha kwaye ezo zikhokelo ziya kukubulala ekugqibeleni.
Kweli nqanaba, iiphakheji ze-QFN / BGA ziphuculwe kakhulu malunga nokusebenza. Ukongeza, xa unyusa ipakethe ithe tyaba ngolu hlobo, uphelela *ngokubalulekileyo* ukusebenza ngcono kwe-thermal kunye neepads eziveziweyo.
Ukongeza, i-Intel, i-Samsung, kunye ne-TSMC ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, kodwa i-ASML inokubaluleka ngakumbi kolu luhlu. Ewe, oku akunakusebenza kwilizwi lokwenziwa...
Ayisiyonto yokunciphisa iindleko ze-silicon ngokusebenzisa iindawo zenkqubo yesizukulwana esilandelayo. Ezinye izinto, ezifana neebhegi. Iiphakheji ezincinci zifuna izinto ezincinci kunye ne-wcsp okanye nangaphantsi. Iiphakheji ezincinci, iiPCB ezincinci okanye iimodyuli, njl.
Ndihlala ndibona ezinye iimveliso zekhathalogu, apho eyona nto iqhubayo kukunciphisa iindleko. MHz/ubungakanani bememori buyafana, umsebenzi weSOC kunye nolungiselelo lwephini ziyafana. Sinokusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla (ngokuqhelekileyo oku akusimahla, ngoko ke kufuneka kubekho izinto eziluncedo ezikhuphisanayo ezikhathalelwa ngabathengi)
Enye yeenzuzo zamacandelo amakhulu yinto echasene ne-radiation. Iitransistors ezincinci zichaphazeleka ngakumbi kwimiphumo yemitha ye-cosmic, kule meko ibalulekileyo. Umzekelo, emajukujukwini nakwiindawo zokuphonononga eziphakamileyo.
Andisibonanga sizathu siphambili sokunyuka kwesantya. Isantya somqondiso simalunga ne-intshi ezi-8 nge-nanosecond nganye. Ke ngokunciphisa nje ubungakanani, iitshiphusi ezikhawulezayo zinokwenzeka.
Ungafuna ukujonga eyakho imathematika ngokubala umahluko ekubambezelekeni kokusasazwa ngenxa yotshintsho lokupakisha kunye nemijikelo encitshisiweyo (1/i-frequency). Oko kukunciphisa ukulibaziseka / ixesha lamaqela. Uya kufumanisa ukuba ayibonakali njengento ejikelezayo.
Inye into endifuna ukuyongeza kukuba ii-ICs ezininzi, ngakumbi uyilo oludala kunye neechips ze-analog, azincitshiswanga, ubuncinci ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwemveliso ezenzekelayo, iipakethi ziye zaba ncinci, kodwa kungenxa yokuba iipakethe ze-DIP zihlala zinendawo eninzi eseleyo ngaphakathi, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba ii-transistors njl. ziye zaba zincinci.
Ukongeza kwingxaki yokwenza irobhothi ichanekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikwazi ukuphatha izinto ezincinci kwizicelo ezikhawulezayo zokukhetha kunye neendawo, omnye umba ngokuthembeka ukuwelda izinto ezincinci. Ngokukodwa xa usafuna amacandelo amakhulu ngenxa yamandla / iimfuno zomthamo. Ukusebenzisa intlama ye-solder ekhethekileyo, i-templates yokuncamathisela inyathelo elikhethekileyo (sebenzisa inani elincinci le-solder paste apho kuyimfuneko, kodwa ukubonelela ngokwaneleyo intlama ye-solder yamacandelo amakhulu) yaqala ukuba yindleko kakhulu. Ke ndicinga ukuba kukho ithafa, kwaye i-miniaturization eyongezelelekileyo kwinqanaba lebhodi yesekethe yindlela eneendleko kunye nenokwenzeka. Kweli nqanaba, unokwenza udibaniso olungakumbi kwinqanaba le-silicon wafer kwaye wenze lula inani lezinto ezidityanisiweyo kubuncinci obupheleleyo.
Uya kubona oku kwifowuni yakho. Malunga no-1995, ndathenga iiselfowuni zakuqala kwiintengiso zegaraji ngeedola ezimbalwa inye. Uninzi lwee-ICs zingumngxuma. I-CPU eyaziwayo kunye ne-NE570 compander, i-IC enkulu enokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Emva koko ndagqiba ngeefowuni eziphathwayo ezihlaziyiweyo. Kukho amacandelo ambalwa kakhulu kwaye phantse akukho nto iqhelekileyo. Kwinani elincinci le-ICs, kungekhona kuphela ukuxinana okuphezulu, kodwa kunye noyilo olutsha (jonga i-SDR) yamkelwa, esusa uninzi lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ayengafuneki ngaphambili.
> (Faka inani elincinci lokuncamathisela kwi-solder apho kuyimfuneko, kodwa unikeze intlama eyaneleyo ye-solder kwizinto ezinkulu)
Heyi, bendicinga itemplate ye "3D/Wave" yokusombulula le ngxaki: ibhityile apho awona malungu mancinci akhoyo, kwaye ajiyile apho isekethe yamandla ikhona.
Kule mihla, amacandelo e-SMT mancinci kakhulu, ungasebenzisa amacandelo okwenyani (hayi i-74xx kunye nenye inkunkuma) ukuyila eyakho i-CPU kwaye uyiprinte kwi-PCB. Yifefe nge-LED, unokuyibona isebenza ngexesha lokwenyani.
Kule minyaka, ngokuqinisekileyo ndiyayixabisa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye ezincinci. Babonelela ngenkqubela phambili emangalisayo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bongeza inqanaba elitsha lokuntsonkotha kwinkqubo yokuphindaphinda yeprototyping.
Uhlengahlengiso kunye nesantya sokulinganisa seesekethe ze-analog zikhawuleza kakhulu kunento oyenzayo kwilabhoratri. Njengoko ukuphindaphinda kweesekethe zedijithali kunyuka, i-PCB iba yinxalenye yendibano. Umzekelo, iziphumo zemigca yothumelo, ukulibaziseka kokusasazwa. I-prototyping yayo nayiphi na iteknoloji yokusika isetyenziswe kakuhle ekuzaliseni uyilo ngokuchanekileyo, kunokuba wenze uhlengahlengiso kwibhubhoratri.
Ngokuphathelele izinto zokuzonwabisa, ukuvavanya. Iibhodi zeesekethe kunye neemodyuli ziyisisombululo sokunciphisa amacandelo kunye neemodyuli zokuvavanya kwangaphambili.
Oku kunokwenza izinto ziphulukane “nolonwabo”, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ukufumana iprojekthi yakho isebenze okokuqala kunokuba nentsingiselo ngakumbi ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye izinto ozonwabisa ngazo.
Kudala ndiguqula uyilo ukusuka kumngxunya ukuya kwi-SMD. Yenza iimveliso ezingabizi kakhulu, kodwa akukho mnandi ukwakha iiprototypes ngesandla. Impazamo enye encinci: "indawo ehambelanayo" kufuneka ifundwe njenge "parallel plate".
Akunjalo. Emva kokuba inkqubo iphumelele, abembi bezinto zakudala baya kubhideka ngoko bakufumanisileyo. Ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi ngenkulungwane yama-23, iPlanetial Alliance iya kwamkela inkqubo entsha…
Andizange ndivume ngakumbi. Yintoni ubukhulu buka 0603? Kakade ke, ukugcina u-0603 njengobukhulu be-impiriyali kunye “nokufowuna” ubukhulu be-metric 0603 (okanye 0602) akunzima kangako, nokuba isenokuba ayichanekanga ngokobuchwephesha (okt: ubungakanani obuchanekileyo-hayi ngolo hlobo) kunjalo. Engqongqo), kodwa ubuncinci wonke umntu uya kuyazi ukuba yeyiphi itekhnoloji othetha ngayo (imetriki / i-imperial)!
Ngokubanzi, izinto ezingenzi nto ezifana ne-resistor, capacitors, kunye ne-inductors aziyi kuba ngcono ukuba uzenza zibe ncinci.