iindaba

Phantse yonke into esidibana nayo kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ixhomekeke kwizinto zombane ukusa kumkhamo othile.Ukusukela oko saqalayo ukufumanisa indlela yokusebenzisa umbane ukwenza umsebenzi woomatshini, senze izixhobo ezinkulu nezincinci ukuphucula ubomi bethu.Ukusuka kwizibane zombane ukuya kwii-smartphone, isixhobo ngasinye. siphuhlisa siqulathe izinto ezimbalwa ezilula ezidityanisiweyo kuqwalaselo olwahlukeneyo.Enyanisweni, ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane, besithembele koku:
Uguquko lwethu lwale mihla lwe-elektroniki luxhomekeke kwezi ntlobo zine zamacandelo, kunye - kamva - ii-transistors, ukuzisa phantse yonke into esiyisebenzisayo namhlanje.Njengoko sibaleka ukwenza izinto zombane zincinci, ukubeka iliso ngakumbi nangakumbi kwimiba yobomi bethu kunye nenyani, sisasaza idatha eninzi amandla amancinci, kwaye siqhagamshele izixhobo zethu omnye komnye, sikhawuleza sifike kule mida yakudala.Ubuchwephesha.Kodwa, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, iinkqubela-phambili ezintlanu zonke zadibana, kwaye sele ziqalisile ukuguqula ihlabathi lethu langoku.Nantsi indlela ehambe ngayo yonke.
1.) Ukuphuhliswa kwegraphene.Kuzo zonke izinto ezifumaneka kwindalo okanye ezenziwe kwilebhu, idayimani ayiseyiyo eyona nto inzima.Zintandathu ezinzima, eyona inzima yigraphene.Ngo-2004, igraphene, i-atom-thick sheet yekhabhoni. Itshixelwe kunye kwipateni yekristale enehexagonal, yabekwa bucala ngengozi elebhu. Kwiminyaka nje emithandathu emva kolu tshintsho, abafunyanisi bayo uAndrei Heim noKostya Novoselov bawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi. ngokomzimba, iikhemikhali, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-thermal, kodwa eneneni i-lattice egqibeleleyo yeeathom.
I-graphene ikwaneempawu zokuqhuba ezinomdla, okuthetha ukuba ukuba izixhobo zombane, kuquka iitransistors, zinokwenziwa kwigraphene endaweni yesilicon, zinokuba ncinane kwaye zikhawuleze kunayo nantoni na esinayo namhlanje.Ukuba igraphene ixutywa kwiplastiki, ingajikwa Isixhobo esimelana nobushushu, esomeleleyo esikwaqhuba umbane.Ngaphezu koko, igraphene imalunga ne-98% ecacileyo ekukhanyeni, oku kuthetha ukuba i-revolutionary ye-transparent touchscreens, iipaneli ezikhupha ukukhanya kunye neeseli zelanga.Njengoko iNobel Foundation ibeka iminyaka eyi-11. Ngaphambili, "mhlawumbi sisemngciphekweni wenye i-miniaturization ye-elektroniki eya kukhokelela ekubeni iikhompyuter zisebenze ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo."
2.) I-surface mount resistors.Obu buchwephesha obudala "obutsha" kwaye mhlawumbi buqhelekile kuye nabani na ochithe ikhompyutha okanye iselula.I-surface mount resistor yinto encinci ye-rectangular, edla ngokwenziwa nge-ceramic, ene-conductive edges kuzo zombini. ends.Ukuphuhliswa kweekeramics, ezixhathisa ukuhamba kwangoku ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla amaninzi okanye ubushushu, yenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukudala i-resistors ephezulu kune-resistors yemveli endala esetyenziswe ngaphambili: i-axial lead resistors.
Ezi zakhiwo zenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwizinto zombane zanamhlanje, ngakumbi amandla aphantsi kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo.Ukuba ufuna isixhasi, ungasebenzisa enye yezi SMDs (izixhobo zokunyuka komphezulu) ukunciphisa ubungakanani obufunayo kwi-resistor, okanye ukwandisa amandla onokuwafaka kuzo ngaphakathi kwemiqobo yobungakanani obufanayo.
3.) I-Supercapacitors.I-Capacitors yenye yezona teknoloji zakudala ze-elektroniki.Zisekelwe kwi-setup elula apho iindawo ezimbini zokuqhuba (iipleyiti, iisilinda, iigobolondo ze-spherical, njl. njl.) imiphezulu iyakwazi ukugcina iintlawulo ezilinganayo kunye ezichaseneyo.Xa uzama ukudlula okwangoku kwi-capacitor ihlawulisa kwaye xa ucima i-current okanye udibanisa iiplate ezimbini i-capacitor discharges.I-Capacitors inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kuquka ukugcinwa kwamandla, a ukuqhuma okukhawulezileyo kwamandla akhutshiweyo, kunye ne-piezoelectric electronics, apho utshintsho kuxinzelelo lwesixhobo luvelisa imiqondiso yombane.
Kakade ke, ukwenza iipleyiti ezininzi ezahlulwe yimigama emincinci kakhulu, isikali esincinci kakhulu asikho nje umngeni kodwa ngokusisiseko silinganiselwe.Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwizinto eziphathekayo-ingakumbi i-calcium copper titanate (CCTO)-inokugcina imali eninzi yentlawulo kwiindawo ezincinci: ii-supercapacitors. Ezi zixhobo zincinci zinokuhlawuliswa kwaye zikhutshwe amatyeli amaninzi phambi kokuba ziguge;ukuhlawulisa kunye nokukhupha ngokukhawuleza;kwaye ugcine amaxesha angama-100 amandla ngeyunithi yeyunithi ye-capacitors endala.Ithekhnoloji yokutshintsha umdlalo xa ifika kwi-miniaturizing electronics.
4.) I-inductors ephezulu.Njengokokugqibela kwe "Big Three," i-superinductor ngumdlali wamva nje ukuphuma kude kube ngu-2018.I-inductor ngokusisiseko i-coil kunye ne-current esetyenziswa kunye ne-core magnetizable.Inductors zichasa utshintsho kwimagnethi yazo yangaphakathi. intsimi, oku kuthetha ukuba uzama ukuvumela okwangoku ukuba uhambe kuyo, iyaxhathisa okwethutyana, emva koko ivumela i-current ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo kuyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixhathise utshintsho kwakhona xa ucima i-current. izinto ezintathu ezisisiseko zonke iisekethe.Kodwa kwakhona, kukho umda ukuba bancinci kangakanani abanokufumana.
Ingxaki kukuba ixabiso le-inductance lixhomekeke kwindawo engaphezulu ye-inductor, engumbulali wamaphupha ngokwemiqathango ye-miniaturization. amasuntswana akhoyo ngoku ngokwawo athintela utshintsho kwindlela ezishukuma ngayo. Kanye njengokuba iimbovane emgceni kufuneka “zincokole” ukuze zitshintshe isantya sazo, la masuntswana akhoyo ngoku, njengee-electron, kufuneka asebenzise amandla omnye komnye ukuze akhawulezise. okanye ucothe.Oku kuxhathisa ukutshintsha kudala uvakalelo lwentshukumo.Phantsi kobunkokeli beNanoelectronics Research Laboratory kaKaustav Banerjee, i-kinetic energy inductor esebenzisa iteknoloji yegraphene iye yaphuhliswa ngoku: eyona nto iphezulu yokuxinana kwemathiriyeli eyake yarekhodwa.
5.) Beka igraphene nakwesiphi na isixhobo.Ngoku makhe sithathe isitokhwe.Sinegraphene.Sine “super” iinguqulelo zokuxhathisa, i-capacitors kunye ne-inductors-miniaturized, robust, trusted and efficient.I-hirdle yokugqibela kwi-ultra-miniaturization revolution kwi-electronics. , ubuncinane kwithiyori, ukukwazi ukuguqula nasiphi na isixhobo (esenziwe phantse nayiphi na into) kwisixhobo sombane.Ukwenza oku kwenzeke, konke esikufunayo kukukwazi ukubethelela i-graphene-based electronics kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwezinto esizifunayo, kubandakanywa izinto eziguquguqukayo.Inyaniso yokuba igraphene ine-fluidity enhle, i-flexibility, amandla, kunye ne-conductivity, ngelixa ingenabungozi ebantwini, yenza ukuba ilungele le njongo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, izixhobo zegraphene kunye negraphene zenziwe ngendlela ephunyezwe kuphela ngeenkqubo ezimbalwa ezizingqongqo ngokwazo. Unokwenza i-oxidize ecacileyo yegraphite endala, uyinyibilikise emanzini, kwaye wenze igraphene ngomphunga wekhemikhali. i-deposition.Nangona kunjalo, kukho ii-substrates ezimbalwa kuphela apho igraphene inokufakwa khona ngale ndlela.Unokunciphisa ngokwekhemikhali igraphene oxide, kodwa ukuba uyayenza, uya kugqiba ngegraphene ekumgangatho ophantsi.Ungaphinda uvelise igraphene ngokukhutshwa ngoomatshini. , kodwa oku akukuvumeli ukuba ulawule ubungakanani okanye ubukhulu begraphene oyivelisayo.
Kulapho ukuqhubela phambili kwi-laser-ekroliweyo igraphene kungena khona.Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuphumeza oku.Enye kukuqala ngegraphene oxide.Kufanayo nangaphambili: uthatha igraphite kwaye uyifake i-oxidize, kodwa endaweni yokunciphisa ikhemikhali, uyanciphisa. nge-laser.Ngokungafaniyo neekhemikhali ezincitshisiweyo ze-graphene oxide, yimveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu enokusetyenziswa kwi-supercapacitors, iisekethe ze-elektroniki, kunye namakhadi ememori, phakathi kwabanye.
Ungasebenzisa kwakhona i-polyimide, iplastiki yobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nephethini yegraphene ngokuthe ngqo ngelaser.I-laser iqhawula amabhondi ekhemikhali kuthungelwano lwe-polyimide, kwaye iiathom zekhabhoni zilungelelanise ngokufudumeleyo ukuze zenze amaphepha egraphene amancinci, akumgangatho ophezulu.I-Polyimide ibonisile Itoni yezicelo ezinokuthi zibe kho, kuba ukuba unokukrola iisekethe zegraphene kuyo, ungaguqula ngokusisiseko nayiphi na imilo ye-polyimide ibe yi-electronics enxibekayo.Ezi, ukukhankanya ezimbalwa, ziquka:
Kodwa mhlawumbi eyona nto ivuyisayo—njengoko kuvela, ukuphakama, kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto ezintsha eziye zafunyanwa kwilaser-ekroliweyo igraphene—iphezu kwento enokwenzeka ngoku. .Omnye weyona mizekelo imbi kakhulu yethekhnoloji engakwaziyo ukuqhubela phambili ibhetri.Namhlanje, siphantse sisebenzisa iikhemistri zeseli ezomileyo ukugcina amandla ombane, iteknoloji.Iiprototypes zezixhobo zokugcina ezintsha, ezifana neebhetri ze-zinc kunye ne-slid-state. i-flexible electrochemical capacitors, zenziwe.
Nge-laser-engraved graphene, kungekhona nje ukuguqula indlela yokugcina amandla, kodwa sinokwenza izixhobo ezinxibekayo eziguqula amandla omatshini abe ngumbane: i-triboelectric nanogenerators.Sinokudala i-photovoltaics ephawulekayo yezinto eziphilayo ezinokuthi ziguqule amandla elanga. inokwenza iiseli ze-biofuel eziguquguqukayo;izinto ezinokwenzeka zikhulu.Kwimida yokuqokelela nokugcina amandla, iirevolutions zonke zikwixesha elifutshane.
Ngaphezu koko, i-laser-ekroliweyo igraphene kufuneka ingenise ixesha leenzwa ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili.Oku kubandakanya izinzwa zomzimba, njengoko utshintsho lwenyama (ezifana nobushushu okanye ubunzima) lubangela utshintsho kwiipropathi zombane ezifana nokuchasana kunye nokuphazamiseka (okukwabandakanya iminikelo ye-capacitance kunye ne-inductance). .Ikwabandakanya izixhobo ezibona utshintsho kwiimpawu zegesi kunye nokufuma, kwaye - xa isetyenziswe emzimbeni womntu - utshintsho lomzimba kwiimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomntu. ukuncamathisela nje ibala elibalulekileyo lokubeka iliso elisilumkisa ngoko nangoko kulo naluphi na utshintsho olubi emizimbeni yethu.
Lo mgca wokucinga unokuvula indawo entsha ngokupheleleyo: i-biosensors esekwe kwitekhnoloji yegraphene ekrolwe ngelaser. Umqala owenziweyo osekwe kwigraphene ekrolwe ngelaser unokunceda ukubeka iliso ukungcangcazela komqala, ukuchonga umahluko phakathi kokukhohlela, ukuncwina, ukukhala, ukuginya nokunqwala. iimovements.I-graphene ekrolwe ngeLaser ikwabambe amandla amakhulu ukuba ufuna ukwenza i-bioreceptor eyenziweyo enokuthi ijolise kwiamolekyuli ezithile, ukuyila ii-biosensors ezahlukeneyo ezinokunxitywa, okanye incedise ukwenza izicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-telemedicine.
Kwaba ngo-2004 apho indlela yokuvelisa amaphepha egraphene, ubuncinane ngenjongo, yaqala ukuphuhliswa.Kwiminyaka eli-17 ukususela ngoko, uthotho lwenkqubela phambili enxuseneyo luye lwazisa phambili ukuba nokwenzeka kokuguqula indlela abantu abanxibelelana ngayo nombane. Xa kuthelekiswa nazo zonke iindlela ezikhoyo zokuvelisa kunye nokwenza izixhobo ezisekelwe kwigraphene, i-laser-ekroliweyo igraphene yenza ukuba kube lula, ukuveliswa ngobuninzi, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye neepateni zegraphene ezingabizi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya utshintsho lwe-electronics yesikhumba.
Kwixesha elizayo elingekude, kunengqiqo ukulindela ukuqhubela phambili kwicandelo lamandla, kubandakanywa ulawulo lwamandla, ukuvunwa kwamandla, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla.Kwaye kwixesha elikufutshane kukho inkqubela phambili kwi-sensor, kubandakanywa izinzwa zomzimba, izinzwa zegesi, kunye ne-biosensors. i-revolution inokwenzeka ukuba ivela kwizinto ezinxitywayo, kubandakanywa nezixhobo zokuxilongwa kwezicelo ze-telemedicine.Ukuqinisekisa, imingeni emininzi kunye nemiqobo isekhona.Kodwa le miqobo ifuna ukuphuculwa kunokuba kuphuculwe ukuguqulwa.Njengoko izixhobo ezixhunyiwe kunye ne-Intanethi yezinto ziqhubeka zikhula, imfuneko I-electronics encinci kakhulu inkulu kunangaphambili.Ngenkqubela phambili yamva nje kubuchwepheshe begraphene, ikamva sele lilapha ngeendlela ezininzi.