iindaba

Mhlawumbi emva komthetho ka-Ohm, umthetho wesibini odumileyo kwi-electronics ngumthetho kaMoore: Inani le-transistors elinokuveliswa kwisekethe edibeneyo liphindwe kabini emva kweminyaka emibini okanye ngoko. transistors ngamnye uya kuba ncinane ngokuhamba time.We sele siqalisile ukulindela isizukulwana esitsha chips kunye nobungakanani befitsha ezincinci ukubonakala ngesantya esiqhelekileyo, kodwa yintoni inqaku lokwenza izinto ezincinci? Ngaba ezincinci zihlala zithetha ngcono?
Kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, ubunjineli be-elektroniki buye benza inkqubela encomekayo kakhulu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1920s, ezona rediyo ze-AM ziphambili zazineityhubhu zokufunxa ezininzi, ii-inductors ezinkulu ezininzi, ii-capacitor kunye nezichasi, iimitha ezininzi zeengcingo ezisetyenziswa njengee-eriyali, kunye neseti enkulu yeebhetri. ukunika amandla isixhobo sonke.Namhlanje, unako Mamela iinkonzo zokusasaza umculo ezingaphezu kweshumi elinesibini kwisixhobo epokothweni yakho, kwaye unokwenza okungakumbi.Kodwa i-miniaturization ayikona nje ukuphatheka: kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ukufezekisa ukusebenza esikulindeleyo kwizixhobo zethu namhlanje.
Enye inzuzo ecacileyo yamacandelo amancinci kukuba akuvumela ukuba ubandakanye ukusebenza okungakumbi kumthamo ofanayo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiisekethe zedijithali: amacandelo amaninzi athetha ukuba unokwenza ukucubungula okungakumbi ngexesha elifanayo.Ngomzekelo, kwithiyori, isixa solwazi oluqhutywe yi-64-bit iprosesa ngamaxesha asibhozo e-CPU ye-8-bit esebenza ngexesha elifanayo lewotshi. .Ngoko udinga itshiphu ephindwe kasibhozo enkulu okanye i-transistor ephindwe kasibhozo encinci.
Kuyafana nakwimemori chips: Ngokwenza transistors ezincinci, unendawo yokugcina ngaphezulu kwivolumu efanayo.Iiphikseli kwimiboniso emininzi namhlanje zenziwe ngeetransistors zefilimu ezibhityileyo, ngoko kunengqiqo ukuzilinganisela phantsi kwaye ufezekise izigqibo eziphezulu. , i-transistor encinci, ingcono, kwaye kukho esinye isizathu esibalulekileyo: ukusebenza kwabo kuphuculwe kakhulu.Kodwa kutheni kanye?
Nanini na xa usenza i-transistor, iya kubonelela ngamacandelo ongezelelweyo simahla.Itheminali nganye inesixhasi kuthotho.Nayiphi na into ephetheyo yangoku nayo ine-self-inductance.Okokugqibela, kukho i-capacitance phakathi kwazo naziphi na ii-conductor ezimbini ezijongeneyo.Zonke ezi ziphumo sebenzisa amandla kwaye ucothise isantya se-transistor.I-Parasitic capacitances ziyinkathazo ngokukodwa: kufuneka zihlawulwe kwaye zikhutshwe rhoqo xa i-transistors ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe, efuna ixesha kunye nekhoyo ngoku kumbane.
I-capacitance phakathi kwabaqhubi ababini ngumsebenzi wobukhulu bomzimba wabo: ubungakanani obuncinci buthetha i-capacitance encinci.Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ii-capacitors ezincinci zithetha isantya esiphezulu kunye namandla aphantsi, ii-transistors ezincinci zinokuqhuba kwii-frequencies eziphezulu zewashi kwaye zichithe ukushisa okuncinci ngokwenza njalo.
Njengoko unciphisa ubungakanani be-transistors, i-capacitance ayisona siphumo kuphela esitshintshayo: kukho ezininzi iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga ze-quantum mechanical ezingabonakaliyo kwizixhobo ezinkulu.Nangona kunjalo, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, ukwenza ii-transistors zibe zincinci kuya kubenza bakhawuleze.Kodwa iimveliso zombane zingaphezulu. kunokuba nje transistors.Xa ukukala phantsi amanye amacandelo, benza njani?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinxalenye ze-passive ezifana ne-resistors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-inductors aziyi kuba ngcono xa zincinci: ngeendlela ezininzi, ziya kuba zibi kakhulu. , ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa isithuba sePCB.
Ubungakanani be-resistor bunokuncitshiswa ngaphandle kokubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.Ukuchasana kwezinto eziphathekayo kunikwa, apho i-l ubude, i-A yindawo ye-cross-sectional, kwaye ρ yi-resistivity yezinto. ukunciphisa nje ubude kunye cross-icandelo, kwaye uphele nge resistor encinane ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa usenayo ukumelana efanayo.Into engalunganga kuphela kukuba xa uchitha amandla afanayo, resistors ezincinane ngokwasemzimbeni ziya kuvelisa ubushushu ngaphezu resistors.Ngoko ke, ezincinci. izichasi zingasetyenziselwa kuphela kwiisekethe zamandla aphantsi.Le theyibhile ibonisa indlela umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla we-SMD resistors uyancipha njengoko ubukhulu babo buyancipha.
Namhlanje, eyona resistor incinci onokuthi uyithenge yimetric 03015 ubukhulu (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). Amandla abo alinganisiweyo angama-20 mW kuphela kwaye asetyenziselwa iisekethe ezichitha amandla amancinci kakhulu kwaye zilinganiselwe kakhulu ngobukhulu.Imetric encinci 0201 iphakheji (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) ikhutshiwe, kodwa ayikafakwa kwimveliso. Kodwa nangona ibonakala kwikhathalogu yomenzi, ungalindelanga ukuba ibe kuyo yonke indawo: iirobhothi ezininzi zokukhetha kunye nendawo azichanekanga ngokwaneleyo. ukubamba, ngoko ke zisenokuba zimveliso niche.
I-Capacitors inokucuthwa phantsi, kodwa oku kuya kunciphisa amandla abo.Ifomula yokubala i-capacitance ye-shunt capacitor, apho i-A yindawo yebhodi, d ngumgama phakathi kwabo, kwaye ε yi-dielectric engaguqukiyo. (ipropati yezinto eziphakathi) .Ukuba i-capacitor (ngokusisiseko i-flat device) i-miniaturized, ummandla kufuneka uncitshiswe, ngaloo ndlela unciphisa amandla.Ukuba usafuna ukupakisha i-nafara eninzi kumthamo omncinci, inketho yodwa. kukupakisha iileya ezininzi kunye.Ngenxa yenkqubela phambili kwimathiriyeli kunye nokuveliswa, eziye zenze iifilimu ezibhityileyo (ezincinci d) kunye needielectrics ezikhethekileyo (ezinkulu ε) kunokwenzeka, ubungakanani beecapacitors buye bacutheka kakhulu kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlulileyo.
I-capacitor encinci ekhoyo namhlanje i-ultra-small metric 0201 package: kuphela i-0.25 mm x 0.125 mm. I-capacitance yabo inqunyelwe kwi-100 nF esebenzayo, kwaye umbane ophezulu wokusebenza ngu-6.3 V. Kwakhona, ezi phakheji zincinci kakhulu kwaye zifuna izixhobo eziphucukileyo zokuzisingatha, zithintele ukwamkelwa kwazo ngokubanzi.
Kwi-inductors, ibali liyinto ekhohlisayo.I-inductance yekhoyili ethe tye inikwa, apho u-N linani lokujika, u-A yindawo enqamlezayo yekhoyili, l bubude bayo, kwaye u-μ izinto eziphathekayo (permeability) .Ukuba yonke imilinganiselo iyancitshiswa ngesiqingatha, i-inductance nayo iya kuncitshiswa ngesiqingatha.Nangona kunjalo, ukuchasana kocingo kuhlala kufana: oku kungenxa yokuba ubude kunye necandelo le-cross-section of wire liyancitshiswa libe yi-a. ikota yexabiso layo lokuqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ugqiba ukuchasana okufanayo kwisiqingatha se-inductance, ngoko unciphisa umgangatho (Q) we-coil.
I-inductor encinci ye-discrete ekhoyo ngokurhweba ithatha ubukhulu be-intshi 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). Ezi ziphakamileyo njenge-56 nH kwaye zine-resistance of ohms.Inductors ezimbalwa kwi-ultra-small metric 0201 iphakheji yakhululwa ngo-2014, kodwa ngokucacileyo abazange baziswe emarikeni.
Ukulinganiselwa komzimba we-inductors kuye kwasombululwa ngokusebenzisa i-phenomenon ebizwa ngokuba yi-dynamic inductance, enokuthi ibonwe kwiikhoyili ezenziwe ngegraphene. i-coil ayikwazi ukuba i-miniaturized kakuhle.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isiphaluka sakho sisebenza kwi-frequencies ephezulu, oku akuyongxaki.Ukuba isignali yakho ikuluhlu lwe-GHz, iikhoyili ezimbalwa ze-nH zihlala zanele.
Oku kusizisa kwenye into ebiye yenziwa i-miniaturized kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kodwa usenokungaqapheli kwangoko: ubude bamaza esibusebenzisela unxibelelwano.Usasazo lukanomathotholo lwakwangoko lwalusebenzisa i-AM ye-medium-wave frequency malunga ne-1 MHz enobude obumalunga neemitha ezingama-300. Ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-FM egxile kwi-100 MHz okanye i-3 yeemitha yaduma malunga ne-1960s, kwaye namhlanje sisebenzisa ikakhulu unxibelelwano lwe-4G malunga ne-1 okanye i-2 GHz (malunga ne-20 cm)Kungenxa ye-miniaturization eyenza ukuba sibe neerediyo ezingabizi, ezithembekileyo kunye nezonga amandla ezisebenza kwezi frikhwensi.
Ukucutheka kwamaza amaza kunokucutha ii-eriyali ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu bazo bunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo kumaxesha afuneka ukuba bawudlulise okanye bawufumane. Isentimitha ubude.Yiyo loo nto uninzi lweeselfowuni ezisenezamkeli ze-FM zifuna ukuba ufakele ii-earphones phambi kokusetyenziswa: unomathotholo kufuneka asebenzise ucingo lwe-earphone njenge-eriyali ukuze ufumane amandla omqondiso owaneleyo kuloo maza obude bemitha enye.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiisekethe eziqhagamshelwe kwii-eriyali zethu ezincinci, xa zincinci, ngokwenene ziba lula ukwenza.Oku akukuphela nje ngenxa yokuba i-transistors iye yakhawuleza, kodwa nangenxa yokuba iziphumo zomzila wothumelo azisekho umcimbi.Ngokufutshane, xa ubude yocingo idlula isinye seshumi sobude bobude, kufuneka uqwalasele utshintsho lwesigaba ngobude bayo xa uyila isekethe.Kwi-2.4 GHz, oku kuthetha ukuba isentimitha enye kuphela yocingo echaphazele isekethe yakho;ukuba uthengisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye, yintloko ebuhlungu, kodwa ukuba ubeka isekethe kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa zesikwere, akuyongxaki.
Ukuqikelela ukutshatyalaliswa koMthetho kaMoore, okanye ukubonisa ukuba ezi zibikezelo ziphosakele ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuye kwaba ngumxholo ophindaphindiweyo kwi-journalism yesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe.Inyaniso ihleli kukuba i-Intel, i-Samsung, kunye ne-TSMC, abakhuphisana abathathu abasekho phambili. yomdlalo, qhubeka ucinezela iimpawu ezingaphezulu kwi-square micrometer nganye, kwaye ucwangcise ukwazisa izizukulwana ezininzi zeetshiphusi eziphuculweyo kwixesha elizayo.Nangona inkqubela abayenzileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye isenokungabi nkulu njengoko kumashumi amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, i-miniaturization ye-transistors. iyaqhubeka.
Nangona kunjalo, kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, kubonakala ngathi sifikelele kumda wendalo: ukuwenza abe mancinci akuphuculi ukusebenza kwawo, kwaye awona macandelo amancinci akhoyo ngoku amancinci kuneemeko ezininzi ezifunekayo.Kubonakala ngathi akukho Mthetho kaMoore wezixhobo ezicacileyo, kodwa ukuba kukho uMthetho kaMoore, singathanda ukubona ukuba umntu omnye unokutyhala kangakanani na umceli mngeni wokuthengisa we-SMD.
Ndandisoloko ndifuna ukuthatha umfanekiso we-PTH resistor endandiyisebenzisa kwiminyaka yee-1970, kwaye ndibeka i-SMD resistor kuyo, njengokuba nditshintshisa ngoku / ngoku. Injongo yam kukwenza abazalwana noodade bam (akukho namnye kubo iimveliso zombane) lungakanani utshintsho, kubandakanywa ndiyakwazi nokubona iindawo zomsebenzi wam, (njengoko amehlo am esiya esiba mandundu, izandla zam ziya zisiba mbi Ngokungcangcazela).
Ndiyathanda ukuthi, ngaba kunye okanye akunjalo. Ndicaphukela kakhulu "phucula, ubengcono."Ngamanye amaxesha ulungelelwaniso lwakho lusebenza kakuhle, kodwa awusakwazi ukufumana iinxalenye.Yintoni isihogo?
"Inyani ihleli kukuba iinkampani ezintathu ze-Intel, i-Samsung kunye ne-TSMC zisakhuphisana phambili kulo mdlalo, zihlala zikhupha amanqaku amaninzi kwi-micrometer yesikwere,"
Izixhobo ze-elektroniki zikhulu kwaye ziyabiza.Ngo-1971, intsapho eqhelekileyo yayinonomathotholo abambalwa kuphela, i-stereo kunye ne-TV.Ngo-1976, iikhompyutha, ii-calculator, iiwotshi zedijithali kunye neewotshi ziye zaphuma, ezincinci kwaye zingabizi kakhulu kubathengi.
Enye i-miniaturization ivela kwi-design.I-amplifiers yokusebenza ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwee-gyrators, ezinokuthi zithathe indawo ye-inductors enkulu kwezinye iimeko.
Amacandelo amakhulu akhuthaza ezinye izinto: ukuncitshiswa kwesekethe, oko kukuthi, ukuzama ukusebenzisa amacandelo amancinci ukwenza umsebenzi wesiphaluka.Namhlanje, asikhathali kakhulu.Ufuna into yokubuyisela umva umqondiso?Thatha i-amplifier yokusebenza. Ngaba ufuna umatshini wombuso?Thatha impu.etc.Amalungu namhlanje mancinci ngenene, kodwa eneneni kukho amacandelo amaninzi ngaphakathi.Ngoko ngokwesiseko ubukhulu besekethe yakho buyanda kwaye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyanda.I-transistor esetyenziselwa ukuguqula umqondiso isebenzisa amandla amancinci ukufeza umsebenzi ofanayo kune-amplifier yokusebenza.Kodwa kwakhona, i-miniaturization iya kukhathalela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Uphose ngokwenene ezinye zeenzuzo ezinkulu / izizathu zobungakanani obuncitshisiweyo: iiparasikhi zepakethe ezincitshisiweyo kunye nokuphathwa kwamandla okwandisiweyo (okubonakala ngathi kuchasene).
Ukusuka kwimbono ebonakalayo, xa ubungakanani besici bufikelela malunga ne-0.25u, uya kufikelela kwinqanaba le-GHz, ngelo xesha iphakheji enkulu ye-SOP iqala ukuvelisa umphumo omkhulu kakhulu *.Iingcingo ezibophezelayo ezide kunye nezo zikhokelo ziya kukubulala ekugqibeleni.
Kweli nqanaba, iiphakheji ze-QFN / BGA ziphuculwe kakhulu malunga nokusebenza.Ukongeza, xa unyusa ipakethe ithe tyaba ngolu hlobo, uphelela *ngokubalulekileyo* ukusebenza ngcono kwe-thermal kunye neepads eziveziweyo.
Ukongeza, i-Intel, i-Samsung, kunye ne-TSMC ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, kodwa i-ASML inokubaluleka ngakumbi kolu luhlu.
Akunjalo nje ngokunciphisa iindleko ze-silicon ngokusebenzisa i-nodes yenkqubo yesizukulwana esilandelayo.Ezinye izinto, ezifana neengxowa.Iiphakheji ezincinci zifuna izinto ezincinci kunye ne-wcsp okanye nangaphantsi.Iiphakheji ezincinci, ii-PCB ezincinci okanye iimodyuli, njl.
Ndihlala ndibona ezinye iimveliso zekhathalogu, apho eyona nto yokuqhubela phambili kukuncitshiswa kweendleko.MHz/ubungakanani bememori buyafana, umsebenzi weSOC kunye nolungiselelo lwephini ziyafana.Sinokusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla (ngokuqhelekileyo oku akusimahla, ngoko ke kufuneka kubekho uncedo olukhuphisanayo abakhathalelwa ngabathengi)
Enye yeenzuzo zamacandelo amakhulu yi-anti-radiation material.I-transistors encinci ichaphazeleka ngakumbi kwimiphumo yemitha ye-cosmic, kule meko ibalulekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, kwisithuba kunye nakwiindawo zokujonga phezulu.
Andizange ndibone isizathu esikhulu sokunyuka kwesantya.Isantya somqondiso simalunga ne-intshi ezi-8 nge-nanosecond.Ngoko nje ngokunciphisa ubungakanani, iitshiphusi ezikhawulezayo zinokwenzeka.
Ungafuna ukujonga eyakho imathematika ngokubala umahluko ekulibazisekeni kokusasazwa ngenxa yotshintsho lokupakisha kunye nokunciphisa imijikelo (1/frequency). Oko kukunciphisa ukulibaziseka / ixesha lamaqela. Uya kufumanisa ukuba ayibonakali njengokuba into ejikelezayo.
Enye into endifuna ukuyongeza kukuba ii-ICs ezininzi, ngokukodwa ii-designs ezindala kunye nee-chips ze-analog, azinakuncitshiswa, ubuncinane ngaphakathi.Ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwemveliso yokwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, iipakethi ziye zaba zincinci, kodwa kungenxa yokuba iipakethi ze-DIP zihlala zinento eninzi. indawo eseleyo ngaphakathi, hayi ngenxa yokuba iitransistor njl. ziye zaba zincinci.
Ukongeza kwingxaki yokwenza irobhothi ichanekile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha iinxalenye ezincinci kwizicelo ezikhawulezayo zokukhetha kunye nendawo, omnye umba ngokuthembeka welding components.Iingakumbi xa usafuna amacandelo amakhulu ngenxa yamandla/umthamo iimfuno.Ukusebenzisa. i-solder paste ekhethekileyo, i-templates yokuncamathisela inyathelo elikhethekileyo (sebenzisa inani elincinci le-solder paste apho kufuneka khona, kodwa sekunjalo unikeze intlama ye-solder eyaneleyo yamacandelo amakhulu) yaqala ukuba yindleko kakhulu.Ngoko ndicinga ukuba kukho ithafa, kunye ne-miniaturization eqhubekayo Inqanaba lebhodi yindlela nje ebiza imali eninzi kwaye enokwenzeka. Kweli nqanaba, unokwenza udibaniso olungaphezulu kwinqanaba le-silicone wafer kwaye wenze lula inani lamalungu adingekileyo ukuya kubuncinci obupheleleyo.
Uya kuyibona le nto kwifowuni yakho. Malunga no-1995, ndathenga iifowuni eziphathwayo ekuqaleni kwiintengiso zegaraji ngeedola ezimbalwa nganye.Ii-ICs ezininzi zidlula umngxuma.
Emva koko ndagqiba ngeefowuni eziphathwayo ezihlaziyiweyo.Kukho amacandelo ambalwa kakhulu kwaye akukho nto iqhelekileyo.Kwinani elincinci le-ICs, kungekhona nje ukuxinwa okuphezulu, kodwa kunye noyilo olutsha (jonga i-SDR) yamkelwa, ephelisa ininzi ye-ICs. amacandelo ahlukeneyo ebeyimfuneko ngaphambili.
> (Faka inani elincinci lokuncamathisela kwi-solder apho kuyimfuneko, kodwa unikeze intlama eyaneleyo ye-solder kwizinto ezinkulu)
Heyi, bendicinga itemplate ye "3D/Wave" yokusombulula le ngxaki: ibhityile apho awona malungu mancinci akhoyo, kwaye ajiyile apho isekethe yamandla ikhona.
Kule mihla, iinxalenye ze-SMT zincinci kakhulu, ungasebenzisa izixhobo ezicacileyo (kungekhona i-74xx kunye nezinye inkunkuma) ukuyila i-CPU yakho kwaye uyiprinte kwi-PCB.Yifefe nge-LED, unokuyibona isebenza ngexesha langempela.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ngokuqinisekileyo ndiyayixabisa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezinto ezintsonkothileyo nezincinci. Babonelela ngenkqubela phambili enkulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bongeza inqanaba elitsha lokuntsonkotha kwinkqubo ephindaphindwayo yeprototyping.
Uhlengahlengiso kunye nokulinganisa isantya seesekethe ze-analog ikhawuleza kakhulu kunento oyenzayo kwilabhoratri.Njengoko ukuphindaphindwa kweesekethe zedijithali kunyuka, iPCB iba yinxalenye yendibano.Ngokomzekelo, iziphumo zothumelo lomgca, ukulibaziseka kosasazo.Prototyping yayo nayiphi na ukusika- itekhnoloji yomphetho isetyenziswe kakuhle ekugqibezeleni uyilo ngokuchanekileyo, kunokuba wenze uhlengahlengiso kwilabhoratri.
Ngokumalunga nezinto zokuzilibazisa, ukuvavanya.Iibhodi zeesekethe kunye neemodyuli ziyisisombululo kumacandelo anciphayo kunye neemodyuli zokuvavanya kwangaphambili.
Oku kunokwenza izinto ziphulukane “nolonwabo”, kodwa ndicinga ukuba ukufumana iprojekthi yakho isebenze okokuqala kunokuba nentsingiselo ngakumbi ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye izinto ozonwabisa ngazo.
Kudala ndiguqula uyilo ukusuka kumngxuma ukuya kwi-SMD.Yenza iimveliso ezingabizi kakhulu, kodwa akukho mnandi ukwakha iiprototypes ngesandla.Impazamo enye encinci: "indawo ehambelanayo" kufuneka ifundwe njenge "parallel plate".
Hayi.Emva kokuba inkqubo iphumelele, abembi bezinto zakudala baya kubhideka ngokufunyenweyo.Ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi ngenkulungwane yama-23, iPlanetary Alliance iya kwamkela inkqubo entsha…
Khange ndivume ngakumbi.Ithini isayizi ka-0603? Kakade ke, ukugcina u-0603 njengobukhulu be-imperial kunye “nokubiza” i-0603 metric size 0604 (okanye 0602) akukho nzima kangako, nokuba ayichanekanga ngokobugcisa (okt: ubungakanani obuthelekisekayo bokwenyani-hayi ngolo hlobo) kunjalo.Engqongqo), kodwa ubuncinci wonke umntu uya kuyazi ukuba yeyiphi itekhnoloji othetha ngayo (imetriki / i-imperial)!
Ngokubanzi, izinto ezingenzi nto ezifana ne-resistor, capacitors, kunye ne-inductors aziyi kuba ngcono ukuba uzenza zibe ncinci.